Hell

Islam

• Hell appears in Islam.

  The Qur’an names Jahannam among the fire seats of punishment. A named hell-fire in that scripture, not underworld as a Greek/Roman path alone and not limbo or purgatory dumps.

  from M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translation) · The Qur’an, 2004 (this translation); Arabic text 7th century CE

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• Hell is historically related to Marble.

  In al's The Jewish Encyclopedia, Hell and Marble are named as companions in the same handbook speech.

  from Isidore Singer et al. · The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901–1906

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• Hell is historically related to Water.

  In Watson's A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, Hell and Water are named as companions in the same handbook speech.

  from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

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• Hell is associated with Purgatory.

  In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, the two-place afterlife article is set against purgatory as a third place — hell and purgatory mark that afterlife place dispute.

  from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

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• Hell is associated with Descent.

  In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediæval Christian Art, Christ’s Descent into Hell to rescue the souls of the Old World is a favourite medieval subject, with Christ armed with cross and banner at the monster’s mouth — hell is the place of that descent.

  from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)

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• Paradise is associated with Hell.

  In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, after this life there are only two places named — one for the saved and one for the damned — paradise/hell speech refuses a middle third.

  from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

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• Hades is associated with Hell.

  In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, the Greek hades means the receptacle of the dead and ought rarely to have been translated hell — Hades is kept apart from that hell sense.

  from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

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• Gehenna is associated with Hell.

  In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, Gehenna is named a synonymous term always to be understood as the place of torment in the New Testament — Gehenna seats that hell sense.

  from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

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• Cauldron is historically related to Hell.

  In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems, hell scenes place the condemned in a cauldron set on flames or on a monster’s head, with a demon throwing one in while another blows the fire with bellows.

  from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)

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• Cross is historically related to Hell.

  In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems, a thirteenth-century manuscript shows the cross of the Redeemer vanquishing the evil spirit and delivering Adam and Eve from the jaws of hell.

  from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)

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Buddhist traditions

• Oni is historically related to Hell.

  Chamberlain seats oni among Japanese demon figures of folklore and Buddhist hell imagery — demon speech, not a tengu mountain goblin alone.

  from Basil Hall Chamberlain · Things Japanese, 1890 (5th ed. 1905)

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