Source citation ledger
De Architectura
Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation)
translation · 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
Vitruvius, The Ten Books on Architecture, trans. Morris Hicky Morgan (1914).
The Ten Books on Architecture
Added 2026-10-18 for architecture/machine object leftovers. Keep apart from Pausanias temple-visitor speech.
These are separate Atlas meetings that cite this source. Citation is not proof.
Hellenic religion
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the continuous top step that carries a colonnade — the stylobate — in the proportioning of temples and their column ranks. A named stylobate in that order-handbook, not a bare plinth dump and not Pausanias’s temple-visitor walk alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Entablature is used in Temple.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the stacked architrave–frieze–cornice carried on columns as the entablature of temple orders. A named entablature in that handbook, not the cornice band alone already met and not a generic beam dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Volute is used in Column capital.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the spiral scrolls of the Ionic capital — volutes — among the measured parts of that order. A named volute in that order-handbook, not a bare helix math-curve and not furniture-scroll dump alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Dentil Course is used in Cornice.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the tooth-like dentil row under Ionic and related cornices among order moldings. A named dentil-course in that handbook, not egg-and-dart ornament taxonomy and not a bare tooth dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Cyma recta is used in Cornice.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat cymatium profiles among crowning cornice moldings — the cyma recta among them. A named cyma-recta in that handbook, not cyma-reversa as the flipped profile and not ogee as a later curve seat.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Cyma reversa is used in Cornice.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the reversed cymatium among cornice and bed-mold profiles — cyma reversa beside cyma recta. A named cyma-reversa in that handbook, not cyma-recta alone and not ogee.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Scotia Molding is used in Column capital.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the hollow scotia between tori in Ionic and related bases among the measured base moldings of the orders. A named scotia-molding in that handbook, not a bare hollow dump and not cyma as the S-family alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Astragal Molding is used in Column capital.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the small half-round astragal among capital and base moldings of the orders. A named astragal-molding in that handbook, not astragalus ankle-bone lots and not bead-and-reel as the alternating band.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Acanthus Scroll is used in Column capital.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the Corinthian capital’s acanthus leaves and scrolls among the invention and measure of that order. A named acanthus-scroll in that handbook, not the acanthus plant alone and not a generic rinceau dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Helix is used in Column capital.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the small spiral helices of the Corinthian capital among its measured ornaments. A named helix in that capital speech, not a bare mathematical space-screw curve alone and not the Ionic volute.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Vitruvius’s Ten Books transmit the Hellenistic dioptra among instruments for sighting and leveling watercourses and works. A named dioptra in that handbook, not a groma and not a chorobates water-beam alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Helepolis is historically related to Catapult.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book X describe the multi-storey wheeled helepolis among Hellenistic and later siege engines listed with bolt- and stone-throwers. A named helepolis in that machine book, not a generic siege-tower dump and not a sambuca assault bridge.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
historically related to · sourced · documented
Polybolos is historically related to Ballista.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book X list repeating and torsion bolt-engines in the ballista family; the named polybolos sits in that Hellenistic engine neighborhood. A named polybolos historically related to ballista, not a springald and not a modern machine-gun dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
historically related to · sourced · documented
Roman religion
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat shallow rectangular engaged supports against walls among temple and hall fabric — pilaster speech beside freestanding columns. A named pilaster in that handbook, not a buttress pier and not a freestanding column dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat projecting wall abutments that resist thrust among temple and public-wall fabric. A named buttress in that handbook, not a flying-buttress Gothic arch and not a pilaster strip alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book IX seat the hollow bowl scaphe among classical sundial types that read the shadow on a curved inner face. A named scaphe in that dial handbook, not a flat plate alone and not the hemicyclium recess twin.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Hemicyclium is used in Sundial.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book IX seat the hemicycle or hemicyclium dial cut as a recessed stone among sundial kinds. A named hemicyclium in that dial handbook, not the scaphe bowl alone and not a flat vertical dial dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Chorobates is used in Aqueduct.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the long water-level beam — the chorobates — for taking levels on aqueducts and building sites. A named chorobates in that survey speech, not a groma right-angle staff and not a dioptra sight alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Groma is used in Roman religion.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the groma among Roman instruments for laying right angles on streets, lots, and camps. A named groma in that survey speech, not a dioptra and not a chorobates.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Libella is used in Roman religion.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat the libella — A-frame or water-trough level — among builders’ tools for testing level and plumb on works. A named libella in that craft, not a chorobates long beam and not a spirit-level vial.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book X seat a wheeled distance-counter — the hodometer — geared to a carriage wheel for measuring road travel. A named hodometer in that machine book, not a groma and not a bare wheel dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Plumb rule is used in Roman religion.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat plumb and rule among masons’ checks for vertical walls and uprights. A named plumb-rule in that building craft, not a chorobates and not a spirit-level vial.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Archimedes screw is used in Aqueduct.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book X seat the cochlea — helical water-screw — for raising water in machines and works. A named Archimedes-screw in that machine book, not a noria scoop-wheel and not a chain-pump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Force pump is used in Aqueduct.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book X seat Ctesibius’s force pump that drives water under pressure through pipes among water machines. A named force-pump in that handbook, not a suction-pump lift alone and not a chain-pump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book X seat horizontal-axis drums and windlasses among hoisting machines that raise stone and loads on building works. A named windlass in that machine speech, not a ship-anchor windlass alone and not a vertical capstan.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat iron lifting tongs and related devices that grip prepared holes in ashlar for hoist work. A named lewis in that stone-hoist craft, not a personal-name dump and not plug-and-feathers.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Centering is used in Aqueduct.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat arched aqueduct and vault construction that requires temporary timber support while masonry sets — centering speech in that craft. A named centering in that falsework sense, not geometric center alone and not permanent formwork.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat opus caementicium cast against timber molds in vaults, harbors, and water works. A named formwork in that concrete-craft sense, not centering for arches alone and not modern building-code shuttering dumps.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat arched conduits and vaults whose ring locks on a central wedge — keystone speech in aqueduct and arch craft. A named keystone in that handbook, not a voussoir of the ring alone and not a vault-boss ornament dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat wedge-shaped stones of the arch ring among aqueduct and vault masonry. A named voussoir in that craft, not the central keystone alone and not a generic block dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
used in · sourced · documented
Sambuca is historically related to Catapult.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book X seat the ship- or ramp-mounted sambuca assault ladder-bridge among siege machines listed with throwers. A named sambuca in that engine book, not the musical sambuca and not a helepolis tower.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Concrete is historically related to Pozzolana.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book II seat pulvis puteolanus — pozzolana — mixed with lime into hydraulic mortar and caementa aggregate that sets as Roman concrete mass. A named concrete historically related to pozzolana in that material speech, not portland cement and not stucco finish alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Hydraulic lime is historically related to Pozzolana.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books describe lime that sets under water when mixed with pozzolana ash — hydraulic setting in harbor and water works. A named hydraulic-lime historically related to pozzolana, not lime-mortar as the mixed mortar alone and not portland cement.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Gravel is used in Lime mortar.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book II seat coarse aggregate and sand grades mixed into lime mortars for walls and floors. A named gravel in that aggregate speech, not sand as fine grain alone and not rubble as broken building stone alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book V seat the basilica as the public hall on the forum for law and business. A named basilica in that civic handbook, not a church nave dump and not the open forum alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Balneum appears in Roman religion.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book V seat balneae — bath-houses with graded rooms — among public buildings. A named balneum in that handbook, not thermae as the later imperial complex name alone and not a generic baths dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Thermae appears in Roman religion.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book V seat public bathing complexes in Roman civic building speech later named thermae. A named thermae in that bath neighborhood, not balneum as the smaller house alone and not a modern spa dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat provision markets among the public buildings of the Roman civic center beside the forum. A named macellum in that handbook, not the open forum alone and not emporium as long-distance trade house.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Castellum aquae is used in Aqueduct.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book VIII seat distribution tanks that receive aqueduct water and divide it into pipes — castellum aquae speech. A named castellum-aquae in that water handbook, not the aqueduct channel alone and not a cistern storage vault.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Compluvium court appears in Atrium.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book VI seat atrium courts organized around the compluvium roof opening and its rain catch. A named compluvium-court in that house handbook, not the compluvium object alone and not the impluvium basin alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Insula Block appears in Roman religion.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books seat multi-storey rented city blocks — insulae — among Roman private building and party-wall speech. A named insula-block in that handbook, not a later tenement-yard dump and not a courtyard-house-block alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Lighthouse appears in Harbor.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book V seat harbor works with towers that show light for ships — pharos speech in that harbor chapter. A named lighthouse in that handbook, not a bare beacon dump and not a pilot-station.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Breakwater is used in Harbor.
Vitruvius’s Ten Books Book V seat moles and barriers built to calm water inside harbors. A named breakwater in that harbor craft, not a jetty channel-guide alone and not a shore seawall dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Waterworks is historically related to Water.
vitruvius seats waterworks among its lemmas — waterworks speech, not a free modern dump alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Senate House is historically related to Water.
vitruvius seats senate-house beside water as a craft peer — object speech, not a text-container or tradition dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Draughts is historically related to Clay.
vitruvius seats draughts beside clay as a craft peer — object speech, not a text-container or tradition dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Plastic is historically related to Oil.
vitruvius seats plastic beside oil as a craft peer — object speech, not a text-container or tradition dump.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Door is historically related to Wood.
Vitruvius’s architecture treats wooden doors and door leaves among ordinary building joinery. A named door beside wood as common leaf material, not false-door as a tomb relief.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Window is historically related to Glass.
Vitruvius and related architectural reception seat glazed openings among windows that take glass for light. A named window beside glass, not rose-window as traceried specialty alone.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
historically related to · sourced · documented