Oath

Islam

• Oath appears in Islam.

  The Qur’an opens many passages with divine oaths by created things and regulates human swearing by God. Islamic oath speech in that revelation, not a curse and not a secular contract alone.

  from M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translation) · The Qur’an, 2004 (this translation); Arabic text 7th century CE

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Hellenic religion

• Oath appears in Hellenic religion.

  Pausanias notes oaths sworn at altars, tombs, and civic sanctuaries. A named oath in that periegesis, not Styx as the cosmogonic oath-river already walked and not a modern affidavit dump.

  from Pausanias · Description of Greece, c. 150–180 CE

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Norse tradition

• Oath appears in Norse tradition.

  Hávamál and heroic lays in the Poetic Edda seat oaths among counsel and binding speech. A named oath craft in that corpus, not a courtroom dump and not every vow slogan.

  from Anonymous (Eddic poems); Carolyne Larrington (translation) · Poetic Edda, medieval Icelandic compilation; Larrington trans. 1996/2014

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Egyptian religion

• Oath appears in Egyptian religion.

  Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes oath customs among Egyptian legal and sacred speech. A named oath in that ethnography, not oath-hellenic as the Scythian blood-oath row already held on hellenic appears_in and not a modern courtroom dump.

  from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE

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Roman religion

• Oath appears in Roman religion.

  Virgil’s Aeneid seats sworn foedus and oath speech—Latin treaty oaths, Aeneas’s vows, and gods called to witness. Oath as binding word in that epic, not Qur’anic/Pausanian/Eddic oath walks restated.

  from Virgil · Aeneid, 19 BCE (unfinished at the poet’s death)

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Shinto

• Oath appears in Shinto.

  The Kojiki stages the ukei oath-trial between Amaterasu and Susanoo, whose chewed pledges birth deities and test sincerity. Named oath ordeal in that sibling crisis, not a courtroom affidavit and not a generic vow slogan.

  from Ō no Yasumaro (compiler); Donald L. Philippi (translation) · Kojiki, 712 CE; Philippi trans. 1968

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Vedic tradition

• Oath appears in Vedic tradition.

  The Ṛgveda seats oath and binding speech under divine witness — words that hold the speaker to truth and consequence. A named Vedic oath in that corpus, not curse as harm-speech alone and not later courtroom oath pads.

  from Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton (translation) · The Rigveda, 2014 (this translation); hymns much older

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