Source citation ledger

Histories

Herodotus

book · c. 440s BCE

Herodotus, Histories.

These are separate Atlas meetings that cite this source. Citation is not proof.

Egyptian religion · Nile valley

Pyramid appears in Giza.
The Giza plateau holds the famous Old Kingdom pyramids. The place is a cemetery; the silhouette later travelled without the burial.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Pyramid belongs to Egyptian religion.
Pyramids are Old Kingdom royal tombs. Herodotus describes them as a Greek visitor; he is not the building inscription.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
belongs to · sourced · documented
Giza appears in Nile valley.
Giza is a cemetery plateau of the valley. Tourism and occult silhouettes come later.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Pyramid is associated with Stone.
Pyramids are piled stone. A building fact before it is a silhouette of mystery.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
associated with · sourced · documented
Giza is associated with Stone.
The plateau is worked limestone and casing stone. Herodotus’s visitor-account is not a quarry ledger, but the material is stone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
associated with · sourced · documented
Nile valley contains Nile.
The inhabited valley is the river’s course. Egyptian facts belong here before they belong to Egyptomania.
from Raymond O. Faulkner (translation) · Book of the Dead, New Kingdom spells; Faulkner trans. 1972; Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
contains · sourced · documented
Egyptian religion appears in Nile valley.
Temple and funerary religion of the valley. Later European fashion is another century.
from Raymond O. Faulkner (translation) · Book of the Dead, New Kingdom spells; Faulkner trans. 1972; Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented

Hellenic religion

Athena is associated with Olive.
Athenian story makes the olive her gift in the contest for the city. A local aetiology of oil and prize, not every Mediterranean grove.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE; Walter Burkert · Greek Religion, 1977 German; 1985 English
associated with · partially sourced · documented
Griffin appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus reports northern gold-guarding griffins in Greek ethnographic speech. A Hellenic traveler’s monster report, not a Mesopotamian guardian and not every hybrid.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Hyperborea appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus reports Hyperboreans as a far-north people in Greek ethnographic speech, including offerings said to reach Delos. A Hellenic far-country report, not Atlantis and not a later occult north.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Oak appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus reports the oracle at Dodona as a speaking oak of Zeus. A named Hellenic oak-oracle, not Pliny’s Druid oak, and not Yggdrasil.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Trireme appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus names the trireme, the three-banked war-galley, throughout his account of Greek and Persian fleets. A named Hellenic hull in that history, not a dromon and not a generic boat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Amphora appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus names the amphora as a jar of measure and transport in Greek and neighboring practice. A named Hellenic vessel in that history, not a Chinese zun and not a generic jar.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Pithos appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus names the pithos as a large storage jar in Greek and neighboring practice. A named Hellenic vessel in that history, not a Roman dolium and not an amphora of transport.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Obol appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus names the obol among Greek silver measures and payments. A named Hellenic small coin-weight in that history, not a denarius and not a shekel-weight.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Island appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s histories name island after island among Greek and neighboring seas. A named island class in that traveler’s speech, not archipelago as a chain dump and not every mythical isle.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Letter appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus recounts Phoenician letters brought among the Greeks and reshaped as Greek characters. A named letter (alphabetic character) speech in that inquiry, not alphabet as a whole script-system dump and not abjad.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Harbor appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s histories name harbors among the coastal seats of cities and fleets. A named harbor class in that traveler’s speech, not beach as the open shore and not a modern marina dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Strait appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s histories name narrows such as the Hellespont among the waters armies and ships must cross. A named strait in that traveler’s speech, not cape as a headland and not a canal dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cape appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s histories name headlands and capes among coastal landmarks of voyage and war. A named cape in that traveler’s speech, not strait as the narrow water and not a beach dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Beach appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s histories name beaches and open shores among landing-places of fleets. A named beach in that traveler’s speech, not harbor as the sheltered seat and not a vacation dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Archipelago appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s histories treat clustered island groups among the seas of Greek and neighboring voyage. A named archipelago class in that traveler’s speech, not island as a single seat already filed and not an atoll dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Alphabet appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus narrates the Greeks’ taking of Phoenician letters into an alphabet. A named alphabet in that traveler’s speech, not letter as a single character already met and not a script-system dump of every abjad.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Hundred appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s histories count by hundreds among armies, offerings, and measures. A named hundred in that traveler’s speech, not a percentage dump and not myriad as the countless class.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Thousand appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s histories count by thousands among armies and treasures. A named thousand in that traveler’s speech, not hundred and not a modern kilo dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Myriad appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Greek counting speech uses myriad for ten-thousand and countless host counts. A named myriad in that traveler’s speech, not thousand and not a Chinese 萬 dump alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Alabastron appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus notes alabastra among perfume and unguent vessels of the eastern Mediterranean. A named alabastron in that traveler’s speech, not askos as the flask-shape alone and not a modern perfume bottle dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Harpoon appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus notes harpoons among fishing and hunt gear of Mediterranean peoples. A named harpoon in that traveler’s speech, not spear as a battle weapon and not atlatl as the Florentine dart-thrower already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Fishhook appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus notes hooks among fishing gear of Mediterranean and Nile peoples. A named fishhook in that traveler’s speech, not harpoon as the piercing spear already walked and not fishing-net as the mesh gear.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ladder appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus notes ladders among siege and wall-scaling gear in Greek and Near Eastern campaigns. A named ladder in that traveler’s speech, not a stair dump and not a symbolic ladder-of-ascent flatten.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Lion appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus notes lions among the fauna of Greece and neighboring lands in traveler ethnography. A named lion in that speech, not Nemean lion as the labor hide already walked and not a zodiac Leo flatten alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Delphi appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Delphi among oracular consultations that steer Greek and foreign decisions across the Histories. A named delphi in that traveler’s speech, not a generic oracle dump alone and not a modern tourist-site flatten.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Pontoon bridge appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus narrates Xerxes’ ship-pontoon bridges across the Hellespont. A named pontoon-bridge in that campaign speech, not bridge as the generic span and not Caesar’s Rhine timber bridge.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Camel appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus notes camels among Arabian and Persian baggage and army speech in the traveler frame. A named camel in that ethnography, not a desert-tourism dump and not Pliny pharmacy alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ant appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Indian marvel logos tells of gold-digging ants. A named ant in that traveler’s speech, not a generic insect dump and not Pliny/Florentine ant walks alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Hemp appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Scythian logos describes hemp used in vapor-bath rites. A named hemp in that traveler’s speech, not Dioscorides/Pliny pharmacy alone and not a modern cannabis dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Eclipse appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus narrates the eclipse that interrupted the Median–Lydian war, tied to Thales’ prediction speech. A named eclipse in that traveler’s speech, not Nahua Florentine eclipse alone and not a modern astronomy dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Seal appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus notes seals among Caspian fauna in the traveler frame. A named seal (the animal) in that speech, not cylinder-seal as the Mesopotamian stamp already walked and not a circus dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Signet ring appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus notes seal-rings among personal and administrative seals in the traveler frame. A named signet-ring in that speech, not ring as the Polycrates keep-apart and not cylinder-seal as the Mesopotamian roller already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Athens appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Athenian logos seats Athens among Greek politics, cult, and Persian-war speech. A named athens in that traveler’s speech, not a modern capital dump and not a belongs_to walk without this source.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cauldron appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Scythian logos seats cauldrons among vapor-tent and feast gear beside hemp rites. A named cauldron in that traveler’s speech, not KF offerings/medicine cauldron churn and not a witch-pot dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Mina weight appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Greek counting speech uses the mina among Hellenic weight and payment tallies beside eastern measures he compares. A named mina-weight in that traveler’s Greek frame, not a shekel and not an obol.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Sundial appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus says the Greeks learned the polos and the gnomon — the bowl-sundial and its shadow-pointer — from Babylon, and the twelve parts of the day. A named sundial learning in that inquiry, not a clepsydra and not The Gnomon world place.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Papyrus roll appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Greek inquiry names books and sheets of byblos-papyrus among the writing supports of Egypt as Greeks know them. A named papyrus-roll in that traveler’s Hellenic frame, not the Book of the Dead papyrus seat alone and not a wax-tablet.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Emerald appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus at Tyre describes temple pillars, one of gold and one of emerald stone that shines by night. A named emerald in that traveler’s Hellenic inquiry, not a generic green-gem dump and not Egyptian mine speech alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Balance scale appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Greek and Lydian wealth speech weighs gold and silver on the balance among gift and tribute tallies. A named balance-scale in that traveler’s Hellenic frame, not a steelyard and not a touchstone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Olive press appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Greek land speech sets olive oil among Hellenic staples whose pressing gear belongs to farm and town. A named olive-press in that traveler’s frame, not a wine-press and not an Egyptian oil dump alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Wine press appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Greek and neighboring speech sets wine among staples whose pressing gear belongs to Hellenic farm culture. A named wine-press in that traveler’s frame, not an olive-press and not a krater of mixing.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Alum appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s inquiry knows alum among astringent salts Greeks obtain and name in craft and trade speech, including Egyptian supply. A named alum in that Hellenic traveler frame, not natron and not nitre.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ell rod appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus compares Greek and foreign body-measures when he translates cubits and related rods into Hellenic speech. A named ell-rod in that traveler’s Greek measure frame, not the Egyptian cubit-rod already walked and not a nilometer.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Wheel appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s campaign and ethnography speech runs on chariot and wagon wheels among Greek, Persian, and neighboring travel gear. A named wheel in that traveler’s Hellenic frame, not a potter-wheel and not a millstone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ford appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s campaign narrative repeatedly seats armies at river fords and crossings in the Greek traveler frame. A named ford in that geography speech, not bridge or pontoon-bridge as built spans already walked and not Caesar’s Rhine ford alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Agora appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Greek cities’ agoras among assembly, market, and public-speech places in the Histories. A named agora in that traveler’s speech, not forum as a Roman flatten and not a modern plaza dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Acropolis appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Persian Wars logos seats the Athenian acropolis among sack, refuge, and sacred high places. A named acropolis in that traveler’s speech, not citadel as the generic keep-apart and not a tourist-ruin dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Eleusis appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Eleusis among Attic sacred geography, including the dust-cloud omen reported before Salamis. A named eleusis in that traveler’s speech, not eleusinian-mysteries as a later mystery-dump lemma and not Pausanias’s fuller sanctuary walk alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Gulf appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s naval and coastal speech names gulfs among the Malian, Argolic, and neighboring waters that shape campaigns. A named gulf in that traveler’s speech, not harbor/strait/cape already walked and not a modern yacht-chart dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Citadel appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s siege and city speech seats citadels among the fortified high places cities defend. A named citadel in that traveler’s speech, not acropolis as the Athenian keep-apart and not castrum as a Roman flatten.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Zeus appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Zeus among Greek cult, oath, and oracular speech throughout the Histories. A named zeus in that traveler’s speech, not Zeus-Ammon as the Egyptian historically_related_to row filed beside this and not a generic sky-god dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Artemis appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Artemis among Greek cult speech, including Ephesian and other Artemis sanctuaries that touch Ionian and Persian War narrative. A named artemis in that traveler’s speech, not Diana as a Roman flatten and not a modern huntress meme.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Poseidon appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Poseidon among Greek naval, Isthmian, and earthquake-god speech in the traveler frame. A named poseidon in that speech, not Neptune as a Roman flatten and not a modern sea-god dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Aphrodite appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Aphrodite among Greek and Near Eastern cult speech, including Urania and foreign counterparts he reports without merging them into one goddess. A named aphrodite in that traveler’s speech, not Venus as a Roman flatten and not an unminted Astarte identity row.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ares appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Scythian logos gives Ares a distinctive cult of iron sword, sacrifices, and enemy spoils. A named ares in that traveler’s speech, not Mars as a Roman flatten and not horse-sacred-to-ares as the separate sacrifice row.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Dionysus appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Dionysus among Greek cult and Egyptian interpretatio speech without collapsing the Greek god into Osiris in this attestation row. A named dionysus in that traveler’s speech, not Bacchus as a Roman flatten and not dionysus-osiris as the separate historically_related_to claim.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Hephaestus appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Hephaestus among Greek craft-god speech and the Memphis temple he identifies with Egyptian Ptah without minting a Ptah entity here. A named hephaestus in that traveler’s speech, not Vulcan as a Roman flatten and not an unminted Ptah identity row.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Pan appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Pan among Greek cult speech and Egyptian Mendes interpretatio without collapsing Pan into the Mendes goat in this attestation row. A named pan in that traveler’s speech, not a faun dump and not pan-goat as the separate historically_related_to claim.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Heracles appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus gives Heracles a double logos — Greek hero-god and a much older Egyptian Heracles — without minting Melqart or merging the tellings here. A named heracles in that traveler’s speech, not Hercules as a Roman name flatten alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cremation appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus contrasts Greek and neighboring funeral fire customs with Egyptian burial and embalming speech. A named cremation in that traveler’s ethnography, not burial as the Egyptian keep-apart already walked and not a modern crematorium dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Curse appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats curses among family, political, and sanctuary speech that steer outcomes in the Histories. A named curse in that traveler’s speech, not hex/jinx as modern folklore dumps and not a generic malediction pad.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Horse is sacred to Ares.
Herodotus’s Scythian Ares cult sacrifices horses among the offerings at the iron-sword sanctuary. A named horse→sacred_to→ares meeting in that traveler’s speech, not horse egyptian appears_in as Book 2 attestation and not a generic cavalry dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
sacred to · sourced · documented
Cotton appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Indian logos describes tree-wool cotton among Indian marvels in the Greek traveler frame. A named cotton in that speech, not linen/flax as Egyptian cloth plants and not a modern fashion dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Silphium appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats silphium among Cyrenean and Libyan produce in the Greek traveler frame. A named silphium in that speech, not a modern extinct-herb romance dump and not a Roman cookbook flatten alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Sardis appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Lydian logos seats Sardis as Croesus’s capital and the inland hinge of Ionian and Persian politics. A named sardis in that traveler’s speech, not ephesus or miletus as coastal Ionian seats already kept apart and not a modern ruin dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Susa appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Susa as the Persian king’s lowland capital of audience, tribute, and campaign orders. A named susa in that traveler’s speech, not persepolis as a seat Herodotus does not name and not a minted persian-religion tradition id.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Miletus appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Ionian logos seats Miletus among revolt leadership, sack, and coastal Ionian power. A named miletus in that traveler’s speech, not ephesus as the northern neighbor and not sardis as the inland Lydian seat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ephesus appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Ephesus among Ionian cities and Artemis-cult geography touched by Croesus and Persian War narrative. A named ephesus in that traveler’s speech, not miletus as the southern neighbor and not a modern tourist dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cyrene appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Libyan logos seats Cyrene among Theran colonial foundation, kings, and silphium-country geography. A named cyrene in that traveler’s speech, not carthage as the Punic capital and not alexandria as a later Hellenistic seat refused this run.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Troy appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Troy/Ilium among Hellespontine geography and Xerxes’s visit to Priam’s seat. A named troy in that traveler’s speech, not mycenae as the Argolid seat and not a pure Iliad-only dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Tyre appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Tyre among Phoenician temple inquiry for Heracles and coastal trade power. A named tyre in that traveler’s speech, not sidon as the northern sister seat and not carthage as the western colony.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Sidon appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Sidon among Phoenician coastal cities and Persian fleet contingents. A named sidon in that traveler’s speech, not tyre as the island seat and not byblos as a weaker Histories city-lemma refused this run.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Byzantium appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Byzantium among Bosporus geography, Milesian foundation speech, and campaign traffic at the strait. A named byzantium in that traveler’s speech, not strait as the water already walked and not later imperial Constantinople rename dumps.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Carthage appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Carthage among Phoenician western colonies and Libyan-shore power reported in traveler ethnography. A named carthage in that traveler’s speech, not tyre as the mother city and not cyrene as the Greek Libyan seat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Gadir appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats Gadeira/Gadir beyond the Pillars among Heracles and far-west Phoenician geography. A named gadir in that traveler’s speech, not carthage as the Tunisian Punic capital and not massalia as a Phocaean west-seat refused this run.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Canal appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s campaign logos seats Xerxes’s Athos canal among engineered cuts that move fleets past the promontory. A named canal in that traveler’s speech, not irrigation-canal as Egyptian field feeders and not pontoon-bridge as the Hellespont span already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Staging post appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Royal Road speech seats relay stations where horses and messengers are changed along the measured way. A named staging-post in that traveler’s speech, not road as the whole way and not caravanserai as a later courtyard-inn lemma refused this run.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Mountain pass appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Thermopylae logos seats the narrow mountain pass where Leonidas holds the Persian advance. A named mountain-pass in that traveler’s speech, not hot-spring as the thermal water beside the pass and not ford as a river crossing.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Hot spring appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats the hot springs at Thermopylae among the pass geography that names the place. A named hot-spring in that traveler’s speech, not mountain-pass as the held defile and not mineral-spring as mineral-load speech alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Steppe appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Scythian logos seats the open grassy plain north of the Black Sea among pasture, wagons, and royal roads of the steppe. A named steppe in that traveler’s speech, not desert as arid sand already walked and not prairie as New World grass.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Market appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s city speech seats markets among buying, selling, and public exchange beside but not identical to the agora as civic open. A named market in that traveler’s speech, not agora as the Hellenic civic open already walked and not bazaar as later eastern covered speech.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Emporium appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats emporia among distant-trade stations such as Naukratis and other staple marts that gather foreign goods. A named emporium in that traveler’s speech, not market as a local open alone and not port as any landing seat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Fortress appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s siege and campaign speech seats fortresses among strongholds cities and armies defend apart from a city’s inner citadel. A named fortress in that traveler’s speech, not citadel as the inner core already walked and not acropolis as the Athenian high seat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Beacon appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Persian Wars logos seats fire-beacon chains that carry news along coasts and islands. A named beacon in that traveler’s speech, not lighthouse as the later Pharos tower refused this run and not a modern signal-tower dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Shipyard appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus seats shipbuilding yards among Greek and Persian fleet preparation that fits triremes for war. A named shipyard in that traveler’s speech, not trireme as the vessel already walked and not arsenal as a weapons-store lemma kept apart.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Bridgehead appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Hellespont crossing speech seats held ground at the ends of Xerxes’s pontoon spans where armies enter Europe. A named bridgehead in that traveler’s speech, not pontoon-bridge as the span already walked and not ford as a river wade.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Pasture appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Scythian and pastoral logos seats grazing ground among herds, wagons, and open country. A named pasture in that traveler’s speech, not steppe as the whole grassy plain and not paddock as a small near-house enclosure.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Waystation appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Royal Road logos seats remount and rest stops along the Persian courier route from Sardis toward Susa. A named waystation in that traveler’s speech, not a caravanserai courtyard inn and not the staging-post already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Relay Station appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s angareion speech seats messenger relays where fresh horses and riders take the royal post onward. A named relay-station in that traveler’s speech, not a waystation rest-stop alone and not the staging-post already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Daric appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Persian and Greek money speech seats the gold daric among Achaemenid imperial coin paid and weighed in traveler tallies. A named daric in that hellenic traveler frame, not a siglos silver piece and not a croeseid Lydian issue alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Siglos appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Persian money speech seats the silver siglos among Achaemenid coin beside the gold daric in imperial tallies. A named siglos in that traveler’s speech, not a daric and not a shekel-weight measure alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Croeseid appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Lydian logos seats Croesus-era gold and silver coin among the invention of minted money he credits to the Lydians. A named croeseid in that traveler’s speech, not an electrum dump alone and not a later daric.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Pontoon appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Hellespont and river-bridge logos seats buoyant boat-floats lashed as bridge units under Xerxes’ ship-bridges. A named pontoon in that traveler’s speech, not the pontoon-bridge place span already walked and not a barge alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Tiara appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Persian court speech seats the soft upright tiara among Median and Achaemenid royal and noble headgear he names for kings and officials. A named tiara in that traveler’s hellenic frame, not a Hellenic diadem alone and not a stephane bridal band.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Paradise Garden appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Persian logos seats enclosed pleasure parks (paradeisoi) of planting and water among Median and Achaemenid royal geography. A named paradise-garden in that traveler’s hellenic frame, not the otherworld paradise seat and not a bare herb-garden plot.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Platform Burial appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Magian logos seats corpse exposure on raised places among Persian funerary custom he contrasts with burial. A named platform-burial in that traveler’s hellenic frame, not a Scythian tumulus mound and not a Tibetan sky-burial field alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
State umbrella appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Persian court speech seats honor umbrellas held over the king and dignitaries as rank shade in procession and audience. A named state-umbrella in that traveler’s hellenic frame, not a promenade parasol and not a chattra Indic sacred parasol alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Waterskin appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Arabian and desert-march speech seats sewn skin bags for carrying water on long dry routes. A named waterskin in that traveler’s speech, not a wineskin and not a metal canteen dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Composite bow appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Scythian and Persian army speech seats laminated horn-sinew bows among steppe and Near Eastern archery he describes at length. A named composite-bow in that traveler’s speech, not a longbow and not a crossbow anachronism.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Harbor Mole appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s Samos logos seats the great mole thrown into the sea among Polycrates’ harbor works that break the open water. A named harbor-mole in that traveler’s speech, not a freer breakwater dump alone and not the burrowing mole animal.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Wharf appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s harbor and river logos seats solid shore landings where ships lie alongside for loading and war embarkation. A named wharf in that traveler’s speech, not a quay masonry embankment alone and not the shipyard already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Packsaddle appears in Hellenic religion.
Herodotus’s army and caravan speech seats framed or padded load-saddles on pack animals that carry baggage beside riding gear. A named packsaddle in that traveler’s speech, not a riding saddle dump and not a wagon.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented

Hellenic religion · Nile valley

Isis is a counterpart of Demeter.
Herodotus says that Isis is, in the Greek language, Demeter, locating that name at a temple in the Egyptian Delta. A Greek traveler’s identification of an Egyptian goddess, not a single being and not the Homeric Hymn’s grain-mother.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
counterpart of · sourced · culturally specific

Egyptian religion

Phoenix appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus Histories 2 reports the phoenix as a sacred bird of Egyptian Heliopolis that renews itself after long age. Egyptian temple lore told to a Greek traveler, not a rebirth slogan for every culture.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Obelisk appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus describes Egyptian obelisks, the tapering stone shafts of temple approaches, in his Egyptian logos. A named Egyptian shaft in that inquiry, not a menhir and not Benben.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cubit rod appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus uses the Egyptian cubit among the measures of his Egyptian logos. A named forearm-measure of that inquiry, not a nilometer alone and not a Greek ell-rod.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Three hundred sixty-five appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus describes the Egyptian year as three hundred sixty-five days. A named year-day count in that ethnography, not 360 as the circle-count and not calendar as the system-word alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Memphis appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos names Memphis among the great seats of the land and its temples. A named Memphis city in that traveler’s account, not Thebes and not a capital dump alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Thebes appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos names Thebes among the great Egyptian seats upriver. A named Egyptian Thebes in that traveler’s account, not Greek Thebes of the Seven and not Memphis.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Desert appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos sets the inhabited Nile land against the surrounding desert waste. A named desert margin in that traveler’s account, not oasis as the watered pocket and not a Sahara gazetteer dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Oasis appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus names oasis seats such as Ammon’s among the watered pockets west of the Nile. A named oasis in that traveler’s account, not desert as the waste alone and not every spring dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Tomb appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos walks tombs and burial works among the land’s great monuments. A named tomb class in that traveler’s account, not pyramid as a named form alone and not every grave dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Hieroglyph appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus describes Egyptian sacred carved characters among the writing kinds of Egypt. A named Egyptian hieroglyph speech in that ethnography, not every ideogram and not cartouche as the oval name-ring alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Inscription appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus reports writing cut on Egyptian monuments among the land’s works. A named inscription speech in that traveler’s Egypt, not epigraph as a quoted lead and not a book page alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Marsh appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos sets marshy Delta margins among the land’s wet borders. A named marsh margin in that traveler’s account, not swamp as a thicker wet waste and not oasis as a watered pocket.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Swamp appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos names swampy wet wastes among the land’s hard margins. A named swamp in that traveler’s account, not marsh as the lighter wet border and not jungle as a tree dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cartouche appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos describes royal name-rings among sacred Egyptian character kinds. A named cartouche oval in that traveler’s account, not hieroglyph as the writing class already filed and not a seal dump alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ostracon appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes potsherd writing among everyday Egyptian records. A named ostracon in that traveler’s speech, not clay-tablet as the Mesopotamian slab and not a ballot dump alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Reed boat appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus describes Egyptian boats built of papyrus reed on the Nile. A named reed-boat in that traveler’s speech, not a wooden canoe and not a later felucca dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Hippo appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes the hippopotamus among Nile fauna. A named hippo in that traveler’s speech, not a river-monster dump and not a Pliny pharmacy flatten alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ibis appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats the ibis among sacred birds of Egypt. A named ibis in that traveler’s speech, not Thoth as a deity flatten and not a modern zoo dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cat appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats cats among sacred and household animals with mourning customs. A named cat in that traveler’s speech, not Bastet as an unminted deity id and not a modern pet dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Dog appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes dogs among sacred animals and burial customs. A named dog in that traveler’s speech, not Anubis as a deity flatten and not Pliny pharmacy alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Bull appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats the Apis bull among sacred cattle. A named bull in that traveler’s speech, not cow as the keep-apart cattle neighbor and not a Gilgamesh bull walk flatten.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Natron appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian burial logos names natron among embalming minerals. A named natron in that traveler’s speech, not Pliny medicine alone and not a modern spa-salt dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Labyrinth appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos describes the labyrinth near Lake Moeris. A named labyrinth in that traveler’s speech, not the Cretan Minotaur maze dump and not a garden-maze flatten.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Linen appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes linen among dress and wrapping customs. A named linen in that traveler’s speech, not Pliny dye chapters alone and not a modern fabric-store dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Frankincense appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Arabian logos treats frankincense among aromatics gathered and traded toward Egypt and the Mediterranean. A named frankincense in that traveler’s speech, not myrrh as the keep-apart resin and not KF generic incense churn.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Myrrh appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Arabian logos treats myrrh among aromatics beside frankincense. A named myrrh in that traveler’s speech, not frankincense as the keep-apart resin and not KF generic incense churn.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Serpent appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus notes winged snakes and Egyptian serpent speech in the traveler ethnography. A named serpent in that speech, not a generic snake dump and not Pliny/Florentine/Norse serpent walks alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Burial appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos details burial and embalming customs at length. A named burial in that traveler’s speech, not Book of the Dead funerary furniture alone and not an unminted mummification entity.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cow appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats cows among sacred cattle neighbors of the Apis bull. A named cow in that traveler’s speech, not bull as the Apis keep-apart and not Rigveda cow walks alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ram appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes rams among Theban sacred animals. A named ram in that traveler’s speech, not goat as the Mendes keep-apart and not a zodiac Aries flatten alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Goat appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats the Mendes goat among sacred animals. A named goat in that traveler’s speech, not ram as the Theban keep-apart and not Pliny/Norse goat walks alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Fish appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes fish among food taboos and Nile fauna. A named fish in that traveler’s speech, not fishhook/harpoon as gear already walked and not a generic seafood dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Pig appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats pigs among sacrifice and taboo customs. A named pig in that traveler’s speech, not a generic farm dump and not Pliny pharmacy alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Reed appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats reeds among Nile plants used in craft and daily life. A named reed in that traveler’s speech, not reed-boat as the craft already walked and not papyrus as the writing-plant keep-apart.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ivory appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus notes ivory among Ethiopian and Libyan tribute and trade speech tied to the Egyptian logos. A named ivory in that traveler’s speech, not Pliny ivory-medicine alone and not a piano-key dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Falcon appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats falcons among sacred birds. A named falcon in that traveler’s speech, not Horus as a deity flatten and not hawk as a synonym dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Vulture appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes vultures among sacred and Nile fauna speech. A named vulture in that traveler’s speech, not Pliny/Florentine vulture alone and not a cartoon scavenger dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Scorpion appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus notes scorpions among Libyan and desert fauna in the traveler frame tied to Egyptian and neighboring logos. A named scorpion in that speech, not Pliny/Florentine pharmacy alone and not a zodiac Scorpio flatten alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ape appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus notes apes among Libyan and Ethiopian fauna in the traveler ethnography. A named ape in that speech, not monkey as the keep-apart primate and not a circus dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Monkey appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus notes monkeys among African fauna neighbors in the traveler ethnography. A named monkey in that speech, not ape as the keep-apart primate and not Florentine monkey alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Sheep appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes sheep among sacrificial and sacred-animal neighbors. A named sheep in that traveler’s speech, not ram/goat as keep-apart caprids and not Pliny sheep-medicine alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Talent weight appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian and campaign logos tallies Egyptian and neighboring wealth by the talent among tribute and building costs. A named talent-weight in that traveler’s Egypt-facing speech, not a cubit-rod and not a bushel of grain.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Balance scale appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos weighs goods and metals among Egyptian trade and custom speech. A named balance-scale in that traveler’s Egypt, not a cubit-rod and not a bushel.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Wine press appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats wine among Egyptian drinks and offerings whose making belongs to Nile farm craft. A named wine-press in that traveler’s Egypt, not an olive-press and not a Greek symposium krater.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Alum appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos seats alum among Egyptian mineral salts of craft and export. A named alum in that traveler’s Egypt, not natron of embalming and not nitre as saltpeter.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Wool appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos forbids wool inside temples and seats linen as the cloth of sacred dress, while wool remains ordinary outer wear. A named wool rule in that traveler’s Egypt, not the Pausanias Hellenic wool seat and not linen as the flax cloth already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Handloom appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos sets weaving among women’s and men’s craft when he describes Egyptian linen cloth. A named handloom in that traveler’s Egypt, not a shuttle alone and not a Greek peplos-loom dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Plough appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos describes Nile agriculture worked with the plough among the land’s farm gear. A named plough in that traveler’s Egypt, not a sickle alone and not the Hellenic plough seat already held.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Sickle appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos harvests grain among Nile farm work whose cutting gear is the sickle. A named sickle in that traveler’s Egypt, not a plough and not a sword.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Barley appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos names barley among the staple grains of Nile bread and drink. A named barley in that traveler’s Egypt, not wheat as the companion grain and not a bushel measure alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Wheat appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos names wheat among the staple grains of Nile agriculture beside barley. A named wheat in that traveler’s Egypt, not barley alone and not a generic cereal dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Bushel appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos measures grain by dry measures among Nile farm and tribute speech. A named bushel in that traveler’s Egypt, not a cubit-rod and not a talent-weight of metal.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Millstone appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos grinds grain among household and farm work whose heavy stone is the millstone. A named millstone in that traveler’s Egypt, not a quern alone and not a potter’s wheel.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Mirror appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus tells how Amasis melted a gold foot-basin into a god’s image and compares the basin’s former low uses — including as a vessel in which the Egyptians looked at their reflections. A named mirror speech in that traveler’s Egypt, not the Pausanias Hellenic mirror seat and not a polished-bronze dump alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Lamp appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos names the festival of lamps at Sais, when lamps burn all night around houses. A named lamp in that traveler’s Egypt, not a torch alone and not the Pausanias Hellenic lamp seat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Torch appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian festival and night speech seats torches beside lamps among outdoor and processional lights. A named torch in that traveler’s Egypt, not a lamp bowl alone and not the Hellenic torch seat already held.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Altar appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos names altars among temple fittings where Egyptians sacrifice and burn offerings. A named altar in that traveler’s Egypt, not a hearth alone and not the Hellenic altar seat already held.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Chariot appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos and army lists seat chariots among Egyptian war and parade gear. A named chariot in that traveler’s Egypt, not a wagon and not the Iliad Hellenic chariot seat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cuirass appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus names Amasis’s linen cuirasses dedicated at Lindos and elsewhere, and Egyptian breast-armor in army speech. A named cuirass in that traveler’s Egypt-facing logos, not lorica segmentata and not the Iliad Hellenic cuirass seat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Shield appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian ethnography and army lists name shields among Egyptian fighting gear. A named shield in that traveler’s Egypt, not a cuirass and not the Pausanias Hellenic shield seat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Sword appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian army speech names large swords among Egyptian fighting gear beside spears and shields. A named sword in that traveler’s Egypt, not a sickle and not the Pausanias Hellenic sword seat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Bronze appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos names bronze among vessels, fittings, and works of Egyptian temples and craft. A named bronze in that traveler’s Egypt, not electrum and not the Pausanias Hellenic bronze seat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Crown appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos seats crowns and royal headgear among pharaonic and temple image speech. A named crown in that traveler’s Egypt, not a diadem alone and not the Hellenic crown seat already held.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Diadem appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian royal speech seats the diadem-band among marks of kingship beside fuller crowns. A named diadem in that traveler’s Egypt, not a crown alone and not the Hellenic diadem seat already held.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Armlet appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian and tribute speech seats armlets among gold adornments of Egyptian and neighboring dress. A named armlet in that traveler’s Egypt-facing logos, not a torque and not the Hellenic armlet seat already held.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Throne appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos seats thrones among royal and temple furnishings of Egyptian kingship. A named throne in that traveler’s Egypt, not a stool dump and not the Hellenic throne seat already held.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Fishing net appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos seats nets among Nile fishing gear beside hooks and spears already walked under other ids. A named fishing-net in that traveler’s Egypt, not a fishhook and not a harpoon.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Kiln appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos seats fired pottery and brick craft among Nile work whose furnace is the kiln. A named kiln in that traveler’s Egypt, not a potter-wheel alone and not a forge of metal.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Potter’s wheel appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos seats pottery among Nile craft whose turning gear is the potter’s wheel. A named potter-wheel in that traveler’s Egypt, not a kiln alone and not a chariot wheel.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Adze appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos describes wooden boat-building and carpentry among Nile craft whose hewing tool is the adze. A named adze in that traveler’s Egypt, not a chisel of stonework and not an opening-adze ritual lemma.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Chisel appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos walks stone-cutting among pyramid and temple works whose edged tool is the chisel. A named chisel in that traveler’s Egypt, not an adze of woodwork and not the Hellenic chisel seat already held.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Reed pen appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos distinguishes sacred and demotic character kinds whose writing gear includes the reed pen on papyrus. A named reed-pen in that traveler’s Egypt, not a stylus of wax and not a quill.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Delta appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos maps the Nile Delta as the fan of silt Egypt that the river built, arguing geography against Ionian theories. A named delta in that traveler’s speech, not nile-valley as the broader region already walked and not a modern map dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Arabia appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Arabian logos, tied through Egypt and the incense routes, treats Arabia as the region of frankincense and myrrh. A named arabia region in that traveler’s speech, not frankincense/myrrh as the resins already walked and not a modern nation-state dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Horus appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos names Horus among the gods of Egypt and pairs him with Greek Apollo in interpretatio speech without collapsing that pair in this attestation row. A named horus in that traveler’s speech, not falcon as the sacred-bird keep-apart already walked and not apollo-horus as the separate historically_related_to claim.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Set appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats the god the Greeks call Typhon among Egyptian divine enmity speech; this row attests Set in Egyptian religion without merging him into Typhon here. A named set in that traveler’s speech, not typhon-set as the separate historically_related_to claim.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Thoth appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats the Hermes of Egypt among writing and sacred-animal speech without collapsing Hermes into Thoth in this attestation row. A named thoth in that traveler’s speech, not ibis as the bird keep-apart already walked and not hermes-thoth as the separate historically_related_to claim.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Dionysus is historically related to Osiris.
Herodotus explicitly identifies Egyptian Osiris with Greek Dionysus in the Egyptian logos — an interpretatio claim, not a merger of two gods into one entity. A named historically_related_to meeting in that traveler’s speech, not appears_in attestation alone and not an identity flatten.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
historically related to · sourced · documented
Hermes is historically related to Thoth.
Herodotus identifies the Hermes of Egypt with the god later read as Thoth — an interpretatio claim in the Egyptian logos, not a merger of Hermes and Thoth into one entity. A named historically_related_to meeting, not appears_in alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
historically related to · sourced · documented
Apollo is historically related to Horus.
Herodotus pairs Egyptian Horus with Greek Apollo in the Egyptian logos — an interpretatio claim, not a merger. A named historically_related_to meeting beside apollo hellenic appears_in already held by other sources.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
historically related to · sourced · documented
Typhon is historically related to Set.
Herodotus names the Egyptian opponent-god as Typhon in Greek speech — a naming/interpretatio link to Set, not a claim that the Greek monster Typhon and Set are one being. A named historically_related_to meeting, not an identity flatten.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pan is historically related to Goat.
Herodotus’s Mendes logos ties the sacred goat of Mendes to Greek Pan — an interpretatio link between the Greek god and the Mendes animal cult, not a claim that Pan is a goat. A named historically_related_to meeting beside goat-egyptian-herodotus already walked as fauna attestation.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
historically related to · sourced · documented
Zeus is historically related to Egyptian religion.
Herodotus repeatedly ties Zeus to the Ammon oracle and Egyptian Ammon speech without a published ammon entity to carry a god-to-god edge. A named historically_related_to meeting from Zeus into egyptian-religion for that Ammon link, not zeus-hellenic appears_in as Greek cult attestation alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pilgrimage appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos describes festival crowds traveling by boat to Busiris and other cult seats — pilgrimage-scale sacred travel in traveler speech. A named pilgrimage in that ethnography, not a modern tourism dump and not hajj as an Islam flatten.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Oath appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes oath customs among Egyptian legal and sacred speech. A named oath in that ethnography, not oath-hellenic as the Scythian blood-oath row already held on hellenic appears_in and not a modern courtroom dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Oracle appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus seats Egyptian and Ammon oracle consultation among Egyptian sacred speech beside Greek Delphi. A named oracle in that ethnography, not oracle-hellenic already held and not delphi as the place keep-apart already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Omen appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian and neighboring logos treat omens among signs that steer kings and campaigns. A named omen in that ethnography, not omen-hellenic already held and not divination as a dump refused in W3.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Mouse appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Sethos logos tells of field-mice that disable an Assyrian army overnight — a named mouse marvel in Egyptian royal speech. A named mouse in that traveler’s speech, not rat as an unfiled synonym and not a cartoon pest dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Donkey appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian and Libyan logos note asses among ordinary and desert fauna and baggage speech. A named donkey in that traveler’s speech, not horse as the cavalry keep-apart and not a cartoon burro dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Mongoose appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos names the ichneumon among sacred and Nile fauna. A named mongoose (the published entity for that animal) in that traveler’s speech, not cat as the household keep-apart already walked and not a modern petting-zoo dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Crocodile is sacred to Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos describes sacred crocodiles kept and buried in named Egyptian cities — a cult dedication claim, not mere fauna presence. Filed sacred_to because crocodile→appears_in→egyptian-religion is already held by another source walk.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
sacred to · sourced · documented
Horse appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes horses among Egyptian arms, chariots, and royal speech. A named horse in that ethnography, not horse-hellenic appears_in already held and not horse-sacred-ares as the separate Scythian sacrifice row.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Eel appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats eels among Nile creatures some Egyptians hold sacred. A named eel in that traveler’s speech, not fish as the broader taboo keep-apart already walked and not a sushi dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Garlic appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus reads a pyramid inscription’s worker rations as including garlic among the foods spent on the builders. A named garlic in that traveler’s speech, not onion as the keep-apart ration neighbor and not a modern kitchen dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Onion appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus reads a pyramid inscription’s worker rations as including onions beside garlic. A named onion in that traveler’s speech, not garlic as the keep-apart ration neighbor and not a modern kitchen dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Flax appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats flax among the plants behind linen dress and temple cloth. A named flax in that traveler’s speech, not linen as the cloth keep-apart already walked and not a modern textile-mill dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Date appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus notes date-palms among Egyptian and Arabian landscape and produce speech. A named date in that traveler’s speech, not palm as an unpublished plant id and not a supermarket dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Flood appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos inquires at length into the Nile’s annual inundation. A named flood in that traveler’s speech, not flood hellenic/mesopotamian appears_in already held as other tellings and not a modern disaster-news dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Wind appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Nile inquiry weighs etesian winds among theories of the inundation. A named wind in that Egyptian logos, not wind-hellenic appears_in already held and not a weather-app dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Rain appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus stresses Egypt’s rainlessness against the Nile’s gift of water — rain as the absent weather in Egyptian logos. A named rain in that traveler’s speech, not a generic storm dump and not modern climate copy.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Mud appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos treats Nile mud among the silt that builds fields and the Delta. A named mud in that traveler’s speech, not clay as the keep-apart element neighbor and not a modern mess dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Sand appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian and Libyan logos seat sand among desert and dune country beside the Nile’s mud. A named sand in that traveler’s speech, not desert as the place keep-apart already walked and not a beach dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Irrigation canal appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos seats field channels and watered cultivation that feed the Delta and valley floor. A named irrigation-canal in that traveler’s speech, not canal as the Athos transport cut and not shaduf as the lifting gear already refused or walked as object speech.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Dune appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian and Libyan logos seat wind-built sand ridges among desert country beside the Nile’s mud. A named dune in that traveler’s speech, not desert as the whole arid region already walked and not sand as the material already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Lagoon appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Delta geography seats shallow barred waters and lake-like coastal ponds among Egyptian shore speech. A named lagoon in that traveler’s speech, not delta as the silt fan already walked and not lake as inland water alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Mudflat appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Nile and Delta speech seats soft intertidal mud grounds among the river’s deposit country. A named mudflat in that traveler’s speech, not mud as the material already walked and not marsh as vegetated wet already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Reed Bed appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos seats reed stands along the Nile among papyrus country and marsh cutting. A named reed-bed in that traveler’s speech, not reed as the plant already walked and not marsh as the wider wet already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Embankment appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos seats raised banks and waterworks that hold and guide Nile flood. A named embankment in that traveler’s speech, not levee as flood-specific riverside speech kept apart this run and not dyke as northern-European barrier speech refused this run.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Granary appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos seats grain stores among the valley’s harvest, tribute, and famine speech. A named granary in that traveler’s speech, not warehouse as general goods storage and not bushel as the measure already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Causeway appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s pyramid-building speech seats raised haul ways and embanked roads that move stone across wet and soft ground. A named causeway in that traveler’s speech, not embankment as waterworks bank alone and not bridge as a span fitting.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Estuary appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Nile-mouth speech seats tidal river mouths where fresh and salt mix among Delta outlets. A named estuary in that traveler’s speech, not delta as the silt fan already walked and not gulf as a deep sea-arm.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Threshing Floor appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian agriculture logos seats hard open floors where grain is beaten and winnowed after the harvest. A named threshing-floor in that traveler’s Egypt, not a granary storehouse and not a rickyard stack-yard alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Winnowing fan appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian harvest speech seats broad baskets and shovels swung to toss chaff from grain in the wind on the threshing floor. A named winnowing-fan in that traveler’s Egypt, not a hand fan and not a threshing-sledge.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Threshing sledge appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian grain speech seats spiked boards dragged over sheaves on the threshing floor to separate grain. A named threshing-sledge in that traveler’s Egypt, not a winnowing-fan and not a wagon.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ard appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian agriculture logos seats the simple scratch plough that scores Nile furrows without a full moldboard turn. A named ard in that traveler’s Egypt, not the plough row already walked and not a hoe.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Corridor appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian labyrinth logos seats long indoor halls that give access among the many chambers of that stone complex. A named corridor in that traveler’s Egypt, not a short passageway connector alone and not a Shinto shrine corridor dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Passageway appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian labyrinth logos seats shorter connecting ways between chambers inside that many-roomed stone complex. A named passageway in that traveler’s Egypt, not a long corridor hall alone and not the labyrinth place already walked.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Isis is used in Rite.
Herodotus describes a principal Egyptian festival of Isis at Busiris where the people lament after sacrifice. A Greek traveler’s report of Isis as the dedicatory focus of a named rite, not the Demeter interpretatio edge and not a Book of the Dead spell.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
used in · sourced · culturally specific

Mesopotamian tradition

Ziggurat appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus describes the staged temple-tower of Bel at Babylon among the city’s great works. A named staged temple-tower in that traveler’s Babylon logos, not a step-pyramid and not every Mesopotamian ruin.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Clay tablet appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus’s eastern logos notes clay tablets among the writing of Mesopotamia and neighbors. A named clay-tablet in that traveler’s speech, not wax-tablet as the Roman wax surface and not a modern slate dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cylinder seal appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus’s eastern logos notes cylinder seals among the stamp seals of Mesopotamia. A named cylinder-seal in that traveler’s speech, not signet-ring as the finger seal and not a modern rubber stamp.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Gate appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus’s Babylon logos treats the city’s gates among monumental works. A named gate in that traveler’s speech, not Virgil’s underworld gate and not a garden-gate dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Bitumen appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus’s Babylon logos names bitumen among the hot mortar that binds the city’s baked-brick walls and quays. A named bitumen pitch in that traveler’s speech, not amber as fossil resin and not a modern asphalt dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Shekel weight appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus’s eastern logos counts silver and goods by the shekel among Babylonian and neighboring measures. A named shekel-weight in that traveler’s speech, not a mina and not a Greek obol.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Mina weight appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus’s eastern logos uses the mina among Babylonian and neighboring weight tallies of silver and tribute. A named mina-weight in that traveler’s speech, not a shekel and not a talent alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Talent weight appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus’s eastern and tribute speech counts gold and silver by the talent among Babylonian and imperial tallies. A named talent-weight in that traveler’s speech, not a mina and not a shekel.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Nineveh appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus’s Assyrian logos seats Nineveh (Ninus) among Median revolt and Assyrian capital speech. A named nineveh in that traveler’s speech, not babylon as the southern seat already walked and not ur/uruk as Sumerian seats Herodotus does not seat.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Moat appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus’s Babylon logos seats a broad water-filled ditch among the city’s outer defenses beside the baked-brick wall. A named moat in that traveler’s Mesopotamian speech, not a bare dry ditch and not a later castle-moat dump.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Bituminous mortar appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus’s Babylon logos seats hot bitumen used as the binding mortar among baked-brick wall and quay courses. A named bituminous-mortar in that traveler’s Mesopotamian speech, not the bitumen pitch material alone already walked and not modern asphalt paving.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Stamp seal appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
Herodotus’s Babylon and eastern logos seats flat-faced seals pressed into clay among Mesopotamian marking practice beside cylinders he also knows. A named stamp-seal in that traveler’s speech, not a cylinder-seal already walked and not a signet-ring.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented