Source citation ledger

Gallic War

Julius Caesar

book · c. 50s BCE

Caesar, Bellum Gallicum.

These are separate Atlas meetings that cite this source. Citation is not proof.

Woad is used in Dye.
Caesar says Britons stained themselves with vitrum. A Roman report of a dye-practice, not a pan-Celtic blue theology.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
used in · sourced · culturally specific
Woad is associated with Blue.
Woad yields a blue. Caesar’s vitrum and later antiquarian “Pictish blue” are not indigo plantations.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE; Pliny the Elder · Natural History, c. 77 CE
associated with · sourced · documented
Dye is associated with Blue.
Dye crafts include blues from woad and indigo. Politics of cloth-color are local laws and markets.
from Pliny the Elder · Natural History, c. 77 CE; Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
associated with · sourced · documented

Celtic tradition

Woad is associated with Celtic tradition.
The dye is often hung on “the Celts” in later writing. Caesar’s Britons are his enemy-report; Irish and Welsh literatures are other files.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
associated with · partially sourced · historically uncertain
Torque appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War reports torques, the rigid neck-rings of Gaulish practice, among the spoils and dress of that war. A named Celtic neck-ring in that Roman report, not an armlet and not a diadem.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Tin appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War Book 5 reports tin near the British coast among the metals of that island ethnography. A named tin in that Roman report, not Pliny medicine alone and not bronze as the imported alloy already seated beside it here.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Bronze appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War Book 5 reports bronze as imported among the Britons, beside coastal tin in the same metal ethnography. A named bronze in that Roman report, not Virgil epic bronze alone and not tin as the coastal metal already seated beside it here.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Pearl appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War Book 5 seats British pearls among the island’s products in that ethnography. A named pearl in that Roman report, not Virgil gift speech alone and not amber as a northern resin dump.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Cuirass appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats armored Gallic fighters (lorica-class body armor) among the war gear of that ethnography. A named cuirass/thorax seat in that Roman report, not Virgil Vulcan epic armor alone and not lorica-segmentata as a modern type-name.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Wheel appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats wheels among British war-chariots (esseda) and Gallic wagon trains in that campaign ethnography. A named wheel in that Roman report, not the hellenic/vedic/buddhist wheel seats alone and not chariot as the whole vehicle already celtic-edged from Mabinogion.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Altar appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War Book 6 seats Gallic sacrificial practice among Druidic rite speech in that ethnography. A named altar-kind presence in that Roman report, not Virgil Roman ara alone and not the Norse hörgr offerings row alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Amphora appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War reports Italian wine among goods merchants bring into Gaul; the amphora is the named transport jar of that wine trade in Roman material speech. A Celtic-facing amphora seat in that report, not Herodotus hellenic amphora alone and not Pliny roman encyclopedia alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Tin is historically related to Bronze.
Caesar’s Gallic War Book 5 pairs coastal British tin with imported bronze in one metal ethnography of the island. A named historical relation of those metals in that report, not a modern alloy recipe dump and not medicine seats alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Coracle is historically related to Curragh.
Caesar’s Gallic War reports British hide boats; the Irish curragh is the neighboring Insular hide-boat cognate kept apart from that British coracle attestation. A historical relation of those craft forms, not a merge onto canoe and not a second coracle appears_in.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
historically related to · sourced · historically uncertain
Chariot is historically related to Wheel.
Caesar’s Gallic War describes British war-chariots whose fighting turn depends on the wheel. A historical relation of chariot to wheel in that report, not a merge of the vehicle into the wheel hub and not Mabinogion chariot appears_in alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Wagon is historically related to Wheel.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats Helvetian and Gallic wagon trains on wheels in migration and baggage speech. A historical relation of wagon to wheel in that report, not a chariot flatten and not Pliny roman wagon alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Torque is historically related to Armlet.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats the torque as the rigid neck-ring of Gaulish adornment; the armlet is the neighboring arm-ring class of the same metal-ornament family. A historical relation of those ring-ornaments, not a merge and not a second torque appears_in.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Ring is historically related to Denarius.
Caesar’s Gallic War Book 5 contrasts British currency of weighed bronze or iron rings with the coined money world of Roman speech. A historical relation of ring-currency to the denarius as named Roman silver coin, not a merge and not Mabinogion ring alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Hillfort appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats fortified hill oppida among the defended towns of Gaul and Britain. A named hillfort in that Roman ethnography, not a medieval bailey and not a bare hill landform alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Bog appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats peat bog and soft ground among British and Gallic wetland obstacles of campaign movement. A named bog in that ethnography, not marsh alone already roman-edged and not a fen flatten.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Fen appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats fenny low wetlands among the soft grounds that slow marches and hide retreats in Gaul and Britain. A named fen in that ethnography, not a swamp alone already roman-edged and not a bog flatten.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Moor appears in Celtic tradition.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats open moor and upland waste among British and northern Gallic campaign grounds beyond deep forest alone. A named moor in that ethnography, not a forest already walked and not a heath merge alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific

Roman religion

Scutum appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War names the scutum as the curved legionary shield of Roman fighting. A named Roman shield in that commentary, not an aspis and not a chimalli.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Pilum appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War names the pilum as the throwing-javelin of legionary volleys. A named Roman missile in that commentary, not a hasta and not a Pelian spear.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Gladius appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War names the gladius as the short sword of close legionary fighting. A named Roman blade in that commentary, not a harpe and not a generic sword dump.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Galea appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War names the galea as the helmet of Roman legionary kit. A named Roman helmet in that commentary, not a kabuto and not a generic helmet dump.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Bridge appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War narrates the timber bridge built across the Rhine. A named bridge work in that campaign speech, not aqueduct as a water channel and not a pontoon dump alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Caliga appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats caligae among the hobnailed boots of Roman soldiers. A named caliga in that campaign speech, not sandal as the Iliad ordinary shoe already walked and not a modern boot dump.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Coracle appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War notes hide-covered round boats among the craft of Britain. A named coracle in that campaign speech, not curragh as the Irish skin boat and not canoe as the Tlingit dugout already filed.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cape appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War narrates coastal promontories among British and Armorican campaign geography. A named cape in that Roman campaign speech, not the Herodotus Hellenic cape seat already walked and not beach as the landing shore already walked here.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Forest appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War narrates Gallic and German forests as campaign ground, cover, and timber resource. A named forest in that Roman campaign speech, not grove as a Pausanias sacred stand and not a generic wilderness dump alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Swamp appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War narrates swamps and wet ground among Gallic and British campaign obstacles. A named swamp in that Roman campaign speech, not the Herodotus Egyptian swamp seat already walked and not marsh as the neighboring wetland already walked here.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Beach appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War narrates British and Channel beaches among landing and embarkation ground of the war. A named beach in that Roman campaign speech, not the Herodotus Hellenic beach seat already walked and not harbor as a sheltered water place alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Marsh appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War narrates marshes and wet ground among British and Gallic campaign obstacles. A named marsh in that Roman campaign speech, not the Herodotus Egyptian marsh seat already walked and not swamp as a neighboring wet-place alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Wheel appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats wheels among Roman campaign wagons, siege approaches, and bridge-works transport in that commander’s narrative. A named wheel in that Roman report, not the celtic chariot-wheel seat alone and not a fortune-wheel dump.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Pilum is historically related to Hasta.
Caesar’s Gallic War fights with the pilum as the legionary throwing spear while hasta remains the named thrusting-spear class of Roman arms speech. A historical keep-apart relation of those spear forms, not a merge and not Virgil hasta alone as this edge.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
historically related to · sourced · documented
Caliga is historically related to Sandal.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats the caliga among soldier gear; the open sandal is the neighboring ordinary footwear class kept apart from that hobnailed boot. A historical relation of those foot-gear forms, not a merge and not a second caliga appears_in.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
historically related to · sourced · documented
Broadaxe is historically related to Adze.
Caesar’s Rhine-bridge narrative in the Gallic War depends on timber cutting and dressing; broadaxe and adze are neighboring hewing tools of that engineering speech. A historical relation of those edge-tools, not a merge and not a second Pliny craft appears_in.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
historically related to · sourced · documented
Massalia appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats Massilia (Massalia) as the Phocaean ally-port that supplies ships and a Mediterranean shore base in the Gallic campaigns. A named Massalia in that Roman commander’s narrative, not a bare Marseille tourist dump and not a minted Gaul inland oppidum.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Vinea appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats vineae among the wheeled shed-galleries of Roman siege approach, especially in the Alesia-class works. A named vinea in that commander’s narrative, not a mantlet hand-screen alone and not a musculus low shed.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Pluteus appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats plutei among the wheeled or carried screen-walls of siege approach beside vineae. A named pluteus in that narrative, not a vinea gallery and not a mantlet alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Musculus appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats musculi among the low armored sheds used to advance rams and miners to a wall. A named musculus in that siege speech, not a battering-ram alone and not a vinea gallery.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Mantlet appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats portable timber and wicker screens among approach cover under fire; the mantlet is that English screen-class kept beside Latin pluteus/vinea speech. A named mantlet seat in that Roman report, not a pavise hand-shield and not a vinea gallery alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Battering ram appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats the aries among beams used to strike gates and walls in siege works. A named battering-ram in that narrative, not a musculus shed alone and not the zodiac/animal aries id.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Siege tower appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats turres among wheeled or rolled assault towers for wall-height approach. A named siege-tower in that narrative, not a helepolis proper-name dump and not a keep or watchtower place.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Ballista appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats ballistae among torsion bolt- and stone-engines of Roman siege trains. A named ballista in that narrative, not an onager late single-arm dump and not a crossbow hand-weapon.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Catapult appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats catapultae among the stone- and bolt-throwing engines of Roman siege speech. A named catapult class-word in that narrative, not a ballista alone and not a medieval trebuchet dump.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Scaling ladder appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats scalae among assault ladders for climbing walls in storm. A named scaling-ladder in that narrative, not a siege-tower alone and not a sambuca ship-bridge.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Fascine appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats bound brush and fascine-class fill among ditch-crossing and earthwork materials of siege and camp works. A named fascine in that narrative, not a gabion basket dump and not a hurdle fence alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Abatis appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats felled trees with outward branches among approach obstacles of Roman and Gallic field works. A named abatis in that report, not chevaux-de-frise framed spears and not a palisade upright wall.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Hurdle appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats wicker and hurdle-work among screens and fascine neighbors of siege cover. A named hurdle in that narrative, not a fascine brush-cylinder alone and not a gabion basket.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Signum appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats signa among the cohort and century standards that mark unit order in camp and battle. A named signum in that narrative, not a legionary aquila alone and not a vexillum cloth banner.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Vexillum appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats vexilla among cloth detachment-banners of Roman command and unit speech. A named vexillum in that narrative, not a signum disc-pole alone and not a medieval pennon.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Legionary eagle appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats the aquila as the sculpted eagle standard of the legion. A named legionary-eagle in that narrative, not the constellation aquila, not a living eagle animal dump, and not a cohort signum alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cornu appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats cornua among the large curved brass signal horns of camp and battle orders. A named cornu in that narrative, not a buccina alone and not a Celtic carnyx upright.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Tuba appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats tubae among straight brass trumpets of Roman military signals. A named tuba in that narrative, not a cornu curve alone and not a modern bugle.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Buccina appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats buccinae among watch and camp horns of Roman military speech. A named buccina in that narrative, not a cornu large curve alone and not a modern bugle.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Tunica appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats the tunica among ordinary Roman under-dress and soldier clothing speech of the campaigns. A named tunica in that narrative, not a toga civic wrap and not lorica-segmentata plate bands.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
As appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats the as among small Roman bronze coin speech of pay, fines, and ordinary reckoning beside heavier silver. A named as in that narrative, not a denarius silver dump and not a late solidus.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Sestertius appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats the sestertius among Roman money reckoning of sums and pay speech. A named sestertius in that narrative, not a denarius alone and not a late solidus.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Modius appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats the modius among grain-measure speech of legionary corn and Gallic supply. A named modius in that narrative, not a bushel English dump alone and not a millstone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Dock appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats Massilia and Channel shore works where ships are fitted and laid up; the dock is that ship-shore place class in the narrative. A named dock in that Roman report, not a quay walking-edge alone and not a harbor basin dump.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Dyke appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats earthen banks and dyke-class works among fossae, aggeres, and flood or siege embankments of the campaigns. A named dyke in that narrative, not a marsh alone and not a medieval moat dump.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Roadstead appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats open roadstead holding-grounds where fleets ride off British and Gallic shores before beach or harbor. A named roadstead in that naval narrative, not an anchorage alone and not a dock yard.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Dart appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats light darts and thrown missiles among skirmish and wall-fight speech beside heavier pila. A named dart in that narrative, not a pilum alone and not a javelin merge.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Cask appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War seats Italian wine moving among Gauls in jar and cask-class containers of trade speech. A named cask in that report, not an amphora alone already celtic-seated and not a dolium dump.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Thole appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War Book 3 seats Veneti and Roman oared ships whose rowing turns on thole-pins and oarlocks. A named thole in that naval report, not an oar alone and not a rudder.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Grapnel appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War Book 3 seats grappling and boarding gear among the close-fighting tools of the Veneti sea fight. A named grapnel in that naval report, not an anchor alone and not a bare hook dump.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Hawser appears in Roman religion.
Caesar’s Gallic War Book 3 contrasts ordinary rope hawsers with the iron chains the Veneti use for anchors. A named hawser in that naval report, not a chain mint and not an anchor alone.
from Julius Caesar · Gallic War, c. 50s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented