Source citation ledger
MUL.APIN
Hermann Hunger and David Pingree
book · 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
Hermann Hunger and David Pingree, MUL.APIN.
MUL.APIN: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform
These are separate Atlas meetings that cite this source. Citation is not proof.
Mesopotamian tradition
MUL.APIN lists the cluster among Mesopotamian star-names (MUL.MUL and related entries). A cuneiform list, not a Greek catasterism.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
MUL.APIN belongs to Mesopotamian tradition.
The series is a Babylonian astronomical compendium. Hunger and Pingree edit tablets, not myths of seven sisters.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
belongs to · sourced · documented
MUL.APIN is associated with Star.
The series lists stars and paths. Cuneiform astronomy, not Greek catasterism.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
associated with · sourced · documented
MUL.APIN is associated with Calendar.
The compendium is used for calendrical and stellar order. A Mesopotamian sky-book.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
associated with · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the Arrow Star (MUL.KAK.SI.SÁ) among Mesopotamian star-names, identified with Sirius. Cuneiform list-work, not Ptolemy’s judicial dog-star and not generic star.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the True Shepherd of Anu (MUL.SIPA.ZI.AN.NA) among Mesopotamian star-names, identified with Orion. Cuneiform list-work, not Ptolemy’s constellation handbook and not a minted hunter-hero.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Three hundred sixty appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN sky-math uses a 360-unit circle of the year and ecliptic speech. A named Mesopotamian 360-count in that compendium, not 365 as the civil year-day count and not a bare circle dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Twelve appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN organizes months and sky sections in twelve-fold counts. A named Mesopotamian twelve in that compendium, not zodiac as the later sign-list alone and not a bare dozen slang.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Solstice appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN tracks the sun’s standstills among year hinges. A named solstice hinge in that sky compendium, not equinox and not a festival dump alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Equinox appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN tracks equal-day hinges among the year path. A named equinox hinge in that sky compendium, not solstice and not a zodiac slogan dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Milky Way appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN sky speech names the pale band of the night sky among path and star groups. A named milky band in that compendium, not galaxy as a modern class alone and not a fog flatten.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Ursa Major appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN names the Wagon / Great Bear among northern constellations. A named great-bear figure in that compendium, not ursa-minor and not a bear-being dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Cuneiform appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN is an astronomical compendium preserved in cuneiform list-work. A named Mesopotamian cuneiform script-kind in that series, not hieroglyph and not a clay-tablet object alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Ursa Minor appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN names the lesser northern wagon/bear neighbors among circumpolar figures. A named lesser-bear figure in that compendium, not ursa-major as the great wagon already filed and not a bear-being dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Sixty appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s sexagesimal sky arithmetic seats sixty among the working base of the list. A named sixty in that compendium, not three-hundred-sixty as the circle count already filed and not twelve as the month count.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Ten appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN list measures and decade counts seat ten among ordinary working numbers of the sky tables. A named ten in that compendium, not decimal as a modern slogan and not a decade dump alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Thirty-six appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN and Mesopotamian list arithmetic seat thirty-six among star and measure groupings. A named thirty-six in that compendium, not three-hundred-sixty and not a modern lottery dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Sun appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN tracks the sun’s path and standstills among year hinges of Mesopotamian sky list-work. A named sun in that compendium, not Ra as an Egyptian sun-god and not a natal-chart dump alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Moon appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN tracks the moon among path and month markers of Mesopotamian sky list-work. A named moon in that compendium, not Selene identity and not Ptolemy’s natal moon alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Crescent appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s lunar path speech includes the crescent among early-month moon shapes of Mesopotamian list-work. A named crescent in that compendium, not Pliny’s Roman moon-phase encyclopedia alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
North Star appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN seats northern fixed stars and pole-neighbor marks among Mesopotamian sky list-work. A named north-star hinge in that compendium, not Matariki’s Māori year-star alone and not a compass slogan dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Horizon appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN tracks risings and settings on the horizon among Mesopotamian path and calendar list-work. A named horizon in that compendium, not Matariki’s Māori horizon speech alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Aquila appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN names the Eagle (mulTI8.MUŠEN) among path stars. A named eagle figure in that sky list-work, not altair the bright star alone and not an eagle-being dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Pegasus appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN names the Field (mulIKU) among path figures identified with the Pegasus region. A named field figure in that list-work, not a Greek horse myth screenplay and not andromeda alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the Eagle star (mulTI8.MUŠEN) identified with Altair. Cuneiform list-work, not aquila the figure alone and not a modern Summer-Triangle dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Corvus appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN names the Raven (mulUGA.MUŠEN) among path figures. A named raven/crow sky figure in that list-work, not raven the being already walked in other houses and not crater the cup alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Pisces Austrinus appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN names the Fish (mulKU6) among path figures identified with the southern-fish region. A named fish figure in that list-work, not pisces the zodiacal tails alone and not a fish-being dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Water Jar appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN names the Great One (mulGU.LA) among path figures whose later reading is the water-pourer / water-jar region of Aquarius. A named water-jar sky mark in that list-work, not aquarius the Ptolemy sign alone and not a household jar dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Girtab appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN names GIR.TAB (Girtab), the Scorpion, among the path figures of Mesopotamian sky list-work. A named Girtab figure in that compendium, not scorpius as a Ptolemy sign dump alone and not antares the heart-star alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Pegasus Square appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s Field (mulIKU) is the square of stars later called the Pegasus Square. A named field-square in that list-work, not pegasus the wider figure alone and not a geometry slogan dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Never-setting appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s Path of Enlil seats northern stars that do not set for Mesopotamian latitudes. A named never-setting class in that list-work, not circumpolar-star as a modern label alone and not never-rising the southern counterpart.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Never-rising appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s Path of Ea seats southern stars that do not rise for Mesopotamian latitudes. A named never-rising class in that list-work, not never-setting the northern counterpart and not a modern invisibility slogan alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Circumpolar star appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s northern Wagon and Enlil-path stars are the circumpolar neighbors of Mesopotamian list-work. A named circumpolar-star class in that compendium, not never-setting as a bare verb alone and not ursa-major already walked.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Sidereal month appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN tracks the moon through path stars — a sidereal-month neighbor of Mesopotamian lunar list-work beside synodic month speech. A named sidereal-month measure in that compendium, not synodic-month the phase return alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Fifteen appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s month speech marks day fifteen among mid-month / opposition hinges of lunar calendar list-work. A named fifteen-count in that compendium, not thirty the full ideal month alone and not a folk half-month slogan dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Meridian appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s ziqpu-star lists time the night by stars culminating on the meridian. A named meridian in that list-work, not meridian-transit the event alone and not a modern coordinate dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Meridian transit appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s ziqpu lists are meridian-transit timing of path stars across the night. A named meridian-transit in that list-work, not culmination as a bare peak word alone and not a telescope transit dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Rising star appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s path calendar is built on rising stars dated through the ideal year. A named rising-star class in that list-work, not heliacal-rising the first-visibility hinge alone and not setting-star.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Setting star appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN tracks setting stars among path and visibility speech beside the rising dates. A named setting-star class in that list-work, not heliacal-setting alone and not rising-star.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Betelgeuse appears in MUL.APIN.
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the True Shepherd of Anu (Orion) whose shoulder-star is identified with Betelgeuse. Cuneiform list-work, not orion the figure alone and not a Tetrabiblos bright-star dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the True Shepherd of Anu whose foot-star is identified with Rigel. Cuneiform list-work, not orion the figure alone and not Matariki’s Puanga year-marker speech alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Lupus appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN names the Mad Dog (mulUR.IDIM) among path figures identified with the Lupus region. A named mad-dog sky figure in that list-work, not a wolf-being dump and not scorpius alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the Field (mulIKU) whose corner-stars include the light identified with Markab. Cuneiform list-work, not pegasus the figure alone and not scheat as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the Field whose corner-stars include the light identified with Scheat. Cuneiform list-work, not pegasus alone and not markab as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the Field / horse-region lights including the nose-star identified with Enif. Cuneiform list-work, not pegasus alone and not markab/scheat as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the True Shepherd of Anu whose belt lights include the star identified with Alnitak. Cuneiform list-work, not orion the figure alone and not alnilam/mintaka as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the True Shepherd belt lights including the star identified with Alnilam. Cuneiform list-work, not orion alone and not alnitak/mintaka as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the True Shepherd belt lights including the star identified with Mintaka. Cuneiform list-work, not orion alone and not alnitak/alnilam as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Sexagesimal appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s day-length ratios, ideal-year counts, and path measures run in sexagesimal Mesopotamian number speech. A named sexagesimal scheme in that list-work, not sixty the integer alone and not base-sixty as a bare radix dump alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Base Sixty appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s tablet arithmetic and time measures presuppose base-sixty place value of Mesopotamian scribal sky list-work. A named base-sixty radix in that tradition’s sky arithmetic, not sexagesimal as the scheme-name alone and not sixty the bare count.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the Raven (mulUGA.MUŠEN) whose bright star is identified with Algorab. Cuneiform list-work, not corvus the figure alone and not raven the being already walked elsewhere.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the Field (mulIKU) whose corner-stars include the light identified with Algenib. Cuneiform list-work, not pegasus the figure alone and not markab/scheat as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Bellatrix appears in MUL.APIN.
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the True Shepherd of Anu (Orion) whose shoulder lights include the star identified with Bellatrix. Cuneiform list-work, not orion the figure alone and not betelgeuse as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the True Shepherd whose head-star is identified with Meissa. Cuneiform list-work, not orion alone and not bellatrix/betelgeuse as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the True Shepherd whose other knee/foot light is identified with Saiph beside Rigel. Cuneiform list-work, not orion alone and not rigel as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the Wagon (mulMAR.GID.DA) whose bowl pointer-star is identified with Dubhe. Cuneiform list-work, not ursa-major the figure alone and not north-star already walked.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the Wagon whose handle lights include the star identified with Mizar. Cuneiform list-work, not ursa-major alone and not alcor the faint companion as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the Wagon whose handle tip is identified with Alkaid. Cuneiform list-work, not ursa-major alone and not mizar as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Hunger and Pingree’s MUL.APIN attests the Raven (mulUGA.MUŠEN) whose wing-star is identified with Gienah of Corvus. Cuneiform list-work, not corvus the figure alone and not algorab as this same edge.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Twenty-nine appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s lunar calendar speech sits beside months counted twenty-nine or thirty days in Mesopotamian month practice — the short-month hinge next to the ideal thirty-day month of the list-work. A named twenty-nine-count in that compendium’s month arithmetic, not thirty the ideal month alone and not a folk numeral dump.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Ratio appears in Mesopotamian tradition.
MUL.APIN’s Tablet II day-length scheme states longest-to-shortest daylight as a:b ratio speech in Mesopotamian sexagesimal measures. A named ratio in that list-work’s day-length arithmetic, not proportion as equality-of-ratios alone and not sixty the bare count alone.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier
appears in · sourced · documented
Pleiades is associated with Calendar.
Several cultures have used the cluster’s heliacal rising or visibility as a year-mark. Each calendar is local.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier; Rangi Matamua · Matariki: The Star of the Year, 2017
associated with · sourced · culturally specific
Pleiades is associated with Star.
The cluster is stars. Names and jobs remain local.
from Hermann Hunger and David Pingree · MUL.APIN, 1989 (this edition); tablets earlier; Rangi Matamua · Matariki: The Star of the Year, 2017
associated with · sourced · documented