Source citation ledger

Jade

Berthold Laufer

book · 1912

Berthold Laufer, Jade: A Study in Chinese Archaeology and Religion.

Jade: A Study in Chinese Archaeology and Religion

These are separate Atlas meetings that cite this source. Citation is not proof.

Chinese tradition

Jade is used in Chinese tradition.
Chinese yu is a worked stone of ritual, burial, and court. Laufer’s study is archaeological and dated; it is still about China, not Maya jadeite.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Chinese dragon belongs to Chinese tradition.
Lóng belongs to Chinese rain, river, and imperial sign. Not a hoard-wyrm.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Chinese dragon is associated with Water.
Chinese dragons are creatures of rain and watercourses in art and text. Not fire-breath as a European default.
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Rice appears in Chinese tradition.
Rice agriculture is also a Chinese fact. Do not fold it into Inari or into a generic “Asian harvest.”
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Chinese tradition is used in Jade.
Jade working is a Chinese craft-history. Laufer’s book is one named survey.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Chinese dragon is associated with Jade.
Imperial and burial jades may carry dragon imagery. A Chinese pairing of creature and stone, not a Mesoamerican jadeite cosmology.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Jade is used in Death.
Chinese burial practice, as Laufer treats it, places jade on and in the corpse (mouth pieces, plugs, tomb jades). A Chinese mortuary craft, not Classic Maya funerary jadeite and not “jade energy.”
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Bi appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade treats the bi as a named perforated disc of early Chinese jade. A named form in that archaeological survey, not He Shi Bi the treasure-gem and not generic jade.
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Cong appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade treats the cong as a named squared jade tube of early Chinese rite. A named form in that survey, not the bi disc and not generic jade.
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Gui appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade treats the gui as a named pointed jade tablet of early Chinese rank. A named insignia-form in that survey, not the bi disc, not the cong, and not an ofuda dump.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Huang jade appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade treats the huang as a named arc-shaped jade of early Chinese sets. A named form in that archaeological survey, not the bi disc, not the cong, and not generic jade.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Zhang tablet appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade treats the zhang as a named forked jade blade of early Chinese burial sets. A named insignia-form in that survey, not the gui tablet, not the bi disc, and not huang-jade.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Heshi bi appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade treats the Heshi bi as the named circular jade of Chinese story, the Ho-shih treasure. A named disc in that handbook, not jade as a material, and not every later bi-disc of archaeology.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Ruyi appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade survey treats the ruyi among Chinese ceremonial sceptre-forms in jade and related materials. A named ruyi mark of that Chinese material-religion speech, not a bare European scepter and not Sun Wukong’s staff.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Nephrite appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade treats nephrite as the tough amphibole jade worked in Chinese ritual objects. A named mineral in that archaeological survey, not jadeite and not the cultural jade hub alone.
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Yinzhang appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade seats carved seals among Chinese jade and hardstone study forms. A named yinzhang in that archaeological survey, not hanko as the Japanese personal seal and not a modern rubber stamp.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Inkstone appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s material-culture neighborhood of Chinese hardstone study ware seats the inkstone among scholar’s grinding slabs. A named yan-inkstone in that survey speech, not inkstick as the cake and not a mortar dump.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Chisel appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Chapter I seats stone chisels among implements recovered on Chinese soil and discussed in Chinese archaeology. A named chisel in that survey, not the Roman/Hellenic/Egyptian/Nahua chisel seats already walked and not hatchet as a different blade form.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Flint appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Chapter I cites polished flint chisels found with stone coffins in Sichuan among stone implements of China. A named flint in that archaeological survey, not Roman strike-a-light speech, not Nahua tecpatl, and not Book of the Dead Opening-of-the-Mouth flint alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Serpentine appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade seats serpentine among stones that could enter early Chinese yu speech and cites a polished serpentine axehead from Chongqing among finds of China. A named serpentine in that archaeological survey, not Pliny pharmacy alone and not jade as true nephrite/jadeite.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Serpentine is historically related to Jade.
Laufer’s Jade states that ancient Chinese yu could include specially beautiful kinds of serpentine beside nephrite and jadeite, while later speech keeps true jade apart. A named historical yu-scope relation, not identity and not Pliny pharmacy.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Marble appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade seats Yunnan/Ta-li marble among Chinese hardstone carving in the Field Museum survey, including a large excavated plate. A named marble in that Chinese material-culture neighborhood, not Roman building marble alone and not Pausanias hellenic marble alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Marble is historically related to Jade.
Laufer’s Jade notes that antiquity’s yu-name could sometimes take in marble beside nephrite and jadeite, while later Chinese speech keeps true jade as its own species. A named historical naming-scope relation, not identity and not Williams’s over-broad marble-under-yu dump that Laufer corrects.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Ring appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Chapter VII seats jade girdle-rings among Chinese personal ornaments of the girdle set. A named ring-form in that archaeological survey, not bi-disk as the ritual perforated disc, not signet-ring, and not the Norse/Celtic/Roman/Buddhist ring seats already walked.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Chisel is used in Death.
Laufer’s Jade Chapter I reports stone chisels and related implements buried with the dead in Sichuan coffin finds. A named burial-goods use in that survey, not jade mouth-pieces and plugs already walked as jade-death-chinese, and not a rebirth-token invent.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Flint is used in Death.
Laufer’s Jade Chapter I cites flint chisels found in stone coffins in Sichuan among implements buried with the dead. A named burial-goods use in that survey, not Book of the Dead Opening-of-the-Mouth flint and not jade-death-chinese mortuary jade restated.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Hairpin appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade seats jade hair-pins among Chinese headgear and hair ornaments, holding the hair-dressing together beside bonnet pins. A named hairpin in that Chinese jade survey, not a hatpin alone and not a Japanese kanzashi dump.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Hatpin appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade cites the Chou li jade hat-pin (pien ch’ai) stuck through the cap pien, with Ku yü t’u p’u pin figures. A named hatpin in that Chinese jade dress grammar, not hairpin alone and not millinery costume jewelry alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Knife money appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Coins and Seals chapter seats Wang Mang knife-coins (jade and copper) among Chinese currency forms treated beside jade seals. A named knife-money in that survey, not spade-money and not a published cash-coin dump.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Spade money appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade discusses Chou-dynasty spade-money (ch’an pi) as a shovel-form coin in the stone-implement and currency neighborhood. A named spade-money in that Chinese archaeological speech, not knife-money and not a farm-spade dump alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Heirloom Seal of the Realm appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Coins and Seals chapter seats jade seals among Chinese seal forms figured with Wang Mang knife-coins. A named imperial jade-seal neighborhood for the Heirloom Seal of the Realm story, not yinzhang alone and not Seal of Solomon.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Pendant seal appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade seats portable jade seals among Chinese seal objects in the Coins and Seals chapter. A named pendant-seal hanging-matrix neighborhood in that survey, not heirloom-seal alone and not a jewelry pendant dump.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Ge appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade surveys early Chinese jade blades and dagger forms beside stone implements and sovereign knife/tablet insignia. A named ge/ko dagger-axe neighborhood in that Chinese archaeological speech, not Fu Hao’s bronze yue alone and not a generic axe dump.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Jian appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade publishes a large jade dagger (probable Shang, Shensi / Tuan Fang) among early Chinese jade blades. A named straight-blade jian neighborhood in that survey, not dao the saber-family and not ge-dagger-axe alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Elbow adze appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Chapter I discusses stone adzes among implements recovered in Chinese archaeology (including a China adze cited from the Christy Collection). A named elbow-adze neighborhood in that stone-implement survey, not published adze Mediterranean seats alone and not hoe.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Point chisel appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Chapter I seats stone chisels among Chinese archaeological implements, including pointed and perforated chisel types. A named point-chisel in that survey, not the published chisel-chinese-laufer row alone and not elbow-adze.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Great seal appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Coins and Seals chapter seats jade seals among Chinese high official seal forms figured beside Wang Mang knife-coins. A named great-seal / sovereign-seal neighborhood in that survey, not heirloom-seal Chuanguo yuxi alone and not English privy-seal taxonomy.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Carving knife appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade seats knife-shaped jade symbols of imperial power (chen kuei / ta kuei) and jade knives among early Chinese emblems and implements. A named carving-knife neighborhood in that survey, not knife-money and not a kitchen cleaver dump.
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Winding sheet appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade describes Han grave objects (ya-siu) placed on the sleeves of the shroud to weight the limbs in Chinese burial practice. A named winding-sheet/shroud neighborhood in that corpse-dressing survey, not a Christian relic shroud and not jade-burial-suit the sewn plaque suit.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Bian stone appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade cites Li Shih-chen on ancient Chinese stone acupuncture needles called pien shih (bian stone) among stone healing implements. A named bian-stone in that Chinese material-medicine neighborhood, not an acupuncture-needle metal form alone and not yu ornament jade.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Acupuncture needle appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade records ancient Chinese acupuncture needles of stone (chen shih / pien shih) in the archaeological and materia discussion. A named acupuncture-needle in that Chinese healing-implement speech, not bian-stone alone and not a sewing needle.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Hand mirror appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade notes jade and other stone mirrors among objects reported from ancient Chinese finds beside jade screens and shoes. A named hand-mirror neighborhood in that hardstone survey, not bagua-mirror and not Tang grape-mirror bronze alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Mingqi appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Chapter X treats jade carvings of fishes, quadrupeds, and human figures placed in the grave as Chinese burial objects. A named mingqi spirit-object neighborhood in that survey, not hunping the soul jar and not ushabti.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Pair of fish appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade figures jade girdle-pendants as pairs of fishes among Chinese personal ornaments. A named pair-of-fish mark in that jade-ornament survey, not a single-fish pendant alone and not a Christian ichthys dump.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Fenghuang mark appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade figures jade girdle-pendants as pairs of phenixes (fenghuang) among Chinese ornaments. A named fenghuang-mark in that survey, not Western phoenix-emblem and not pair-of-fish alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Crane mark appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade describes crane figures in Chinese jade carving, including crane handles and cloud-crane ornament speech. A named crane-mark in that jade-art survey, not fenghuang-mark and not a live crane being dump.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Ruyi cloud appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade describes openwork cloud patterns on jade court-girdle plaques (including bats among clouds) in Chinese ornament speech. A named ruyi-cloud neighborhood in that survey, not ruyi the sceptre alone and not cloud-collar dress alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Coin mark appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Coins and Seals chapter seats knife-coins, cash-type discussion, and jade coin forms in Chinese monetary emblem speech. A named coin-mark in that survey, not knife-money alone and not tael price footnotes.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Yinzhang mark appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Coins and Seals chapter seats jade seals in Chinese seal emblem speech beside knife-coins. A named yinzhang-mark in that survey, not the published yinzhang object row restated and not heirloom-seal alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Cloud Collar appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade describes cloud-pattern openwork on Chinese jade court-girdle plaques as dress-ornament speech. A named cloud-collar neighborhood in that survey, not ruyi-cloud motif alone and not yunjian the later cloud-mantle garment dump.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Xianglu appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade publishes a Ming white-jade incense-burner carved in openwork among Chinese hardstone vessels of the collection (Plate XLVII; index incense-burner of jade). A named xianglu in that Chinese jade survey, not a Japanese koro, not boshanlu the Han hill-censer alone, and not jiu-ding as a royal bronze set.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Bianqing appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade seats resonant stones carved from jade (and related sounding stones) among Chinese musical hardstone objects of the collection (Plates LIV–LIX; index resonant stones). A named bianqing / stone-chime neighborhood in that survey, not bianzhong the bronze bell set and not a generic bell dump.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Imperial seal appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Coins and Seals chapter seats jade seals among Chinese sovereign and official seal forms figured beside Wang Mang knife-coins (Plate XXVII; index seals of jade). A named imperial-seal neighborhood in that survey, not chrysanthemum-seal the Japanese throne crest, not heirloom-seal Chuanguo yuxi alone, and not great-seal the already-met matrix object alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Great seal mark appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade Coins and Seals chapter seats jade seals in Chinese seal emblem speech beside knife-coins. A named great-seal-mark (the image/legend of the great seal) in that survey, not the already-met great-seal matrix object restated and not escutcheon as a shield field alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Butterfly mark appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade figures a jade girdle-pendant as a butterfly and a full openwork butterfly carving among Chinese personal ornaments (Fig. 124; Plate openwork butterfly, Ts’in or Han). A named butterfly-mark in that jade-ornament survey, not a live butterfly being dump and not a Western garden emblem alone.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Axe mark appears in Chinese tradition.
Laufer’s Jade discusses ceremonial jade hatchets and the axe pattern fu embroidered on robes, and figures hatchet designs on jade girdle-pendants among Chinese emblem speech (Ch. I; Fig. 130). A named axe-mark neighborhood in that survey, not labrys as the double axe and not fasces as bundled rods.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912
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Jade is associated with Green.
Jade is often green in both China and Mesoamerica. Color is shared; the rites are not.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912; Karl A. Taube · The Symbolism of Jade in Classic Maya Religion, 2005
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Jade is associated with Stone.
Jade is a stone that can be worked. Ritual jobs come after hardness.
from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912; Karl A. Taube · The Symbolism of Jade in Classic Maya Religion, 2005
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