Stone

Hellenic religion

• Stone is associated with Delphi.

  Sanctuaries are stone piled on a slope. Delphi’s working body is rock, terrace, and a named omphalos in later description.

  from Pausanias · Description of Greece, c. 150–180 CE

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• Stone appears in Hellenic religion.

  Ovid’s Metamorphoses turns Niobe to stone and has Deucalion and Pyrrha throw stones that become people after the flood. A named stone metamorphosis and remaking in that poem, not Delphi baetyl alone and not a geology dump.

  from Ovid · Metamorphoses, 8 CE

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• Stone contains Obsidian.

  Obsidian is a volcanic glass among stones. The species is geological before it is ritual.

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• Stone is used in Lime.

  In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, lime is made from close-grained or porous stone — hard stone lime suits structural parts; porous stone lime serves other coats.

  from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914

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• Stone is historically related to Asphalt.

  In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, Semiramis built the wall of Babylon with liquid asphalt from Lake Asphaltitis together with burnt brick in place of lime and sand.

  from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914

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• Mountain is associated with Stone.

  A mountain is piled rock. Temples and mines take stone from slopes; the mountain is not a generic “high place” of every cult.

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• Jade is associated with Stone.

  Jade is a stone that can be worked. Ritual jobs come after hardness.

  from Berthold Laufer · Jade, 1912; Karl A. Taube · The Symbolism of Jade in Classic Maya Religion, 2005

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• Brick is historically related to Stone.

  In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, builders raised houses with foundations having brick or stone walls — brick stands with that stone walling.

  from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914

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Shinto

• Stone appears in Shinto.

  The Kojiki has the rock-cave sealed with a great stone (the Chibiki rock) when Amaterasu is drawn out and the door is shut behind. Named stone as cave-seal in that narrative, not Delphi temple stone alone.

  from Ō no Yasumaro (compiler); Donald L. Philippi (translation) · Kojiki, 712 CE; Philippi trans. 1968

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Norse tradition

• Stone appears in Norse tradition.

  Eddic verse in the Poetic Edda names stone among hard ground, cliff, and kenning speech. A named stone in that corpus, not a gem dump and not every mountain alone.

  from Anonymous (Eddic poems); Carolyne Larrington (translation) · Poetic Edda, medieval Icelandic compilation; Larrington trans. 1996/2014

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Vedic tradition

• Stone is used in Offerings.

  The Ṛgveda names the pressing-stones (grāvan) that crush soma for the offering. A named Vedic ritual use of stone, not temple masonry alone and not KF incense churn.

  from Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton (translation) · The Rigveda, 2014 (this translation); hymns much older

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Roman religion

• Stone appears in Roman religion.

  Pliny’s Natural History seats stone among Books 36–37 stones, quarries, and worked rock. A named stone in that encyclopedia, not a gem dump and not thunderstone as the wonder pebble already walked.

  from Pliny the Elder · Natural History, c. 77 CE

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Egyptian religion · Nile valley

• Pyramid is associated with Stone.

  Pyramids are piled stone. A building fact before it is a silhouette of mystery.

  from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE

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• Giza is associated with Stone.

  The plateau is worked limestone and casing stone. Herodotus’s visitor-account is not a quarry ledger, but the material is stone.

  from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE

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Chinese tradition

• Cinnabar is associated with Stone.

  An ore is a stone before it is an elixir. Ge Hong’s methods start from material.

  from Ge Hong; James R. Ware (translation) · The Nei P’ien of Ko Hung, 1966 (this translation); Ge Hong 4th century CE

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Alchemy

• Spirit level is used in Stone.

  Knight’s American Mechanical Dictionary seats the sealed vial of liquid and bubble for finding level surfaces in building and survey among leveling instruments. A named spirit-level in that stone-and-building layout craft, not a dumpy-level telescope instrument and not a water-level hose alone.

  from Edward H. Knight · American Mechanical Dictionary, 1876

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European folklore

• Balustrade is historically related to Stone.

  Parker’s Glossary seats the balustrade as a range of small balusters supporting a coping or cornice and forming an open parapet or enclosure, with medieval stone-pillar prototypes among Italian examples. A named balustrade in that fabric speech, not a solid parapet wall alone and not a stair newel identity.

  from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)

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• Corbel is historically related to Stone.

  Parker’s Glossary seats the corbel as a projecting stone or timber that supports a superincumbent weight in Gothic architecture, carved and moulded through the styles. A named corbel in that fabric speech, not a gargoyle waterspout identity and not a classical ancones truss alone.

  from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)

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• Cupola is historically related to Stone.

  Parker’s Glossary seats the cupola as a concave ceiling covering a circular or polygonal area, or a roof of that exterior form more usually called a dome. A named cupola in that Italian/classical fabric speech, not Vitruvius’s refused attic roof-room pad and not a lantern-clock dump.

  from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)

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• Mullion is historically related to Stone.

  Parker’s Glossary seats the mullion as the slender pier dividing the lights of windows, screens, and tracery in Gothic architecture. A named mullion in that fabric speech, not a door jamb alone and not a trumeau portal pier identity.

  from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)

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• Newel is historically related to Stone.

  Parker’s Glossary seats the newel as the central column round which a circular staircase winds, citing stone newels in cathedral and castle stairs, and also the principal post at stair angles. A named newel in that stair speech, not a balustrade run and not a mere handrail dump.

  from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)

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• Quoin is historically related to Stone.

  Parker’s Glossary seats the quoin as the external angle of a building, commonly dressed in ashlar when walls are of rough stone or flint, and likewise used for brick buildings. A named quoin in that fabric speech, not a decorative band alone and not ashlar-pattern textile chrome.

  from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)

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• Imposing stone is historically related to Stone.

  Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats the Correcting-Stone as a flat Marble or Purbeck (or other hard) Stone on an oaken frame where the compositor Imposes and Corrects Forms in the Chase. A named stone working surface in that imposing speech, not a lithographic-stone, not a typecase, and not a bare table dump.

  from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684

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Islam

• Black Stone is historically related to Stone.

  Hughes HAJARU ʾL-ASWAD seats the Black Stone of the Kaʿbah kissed in the ṭawāf — sacred-stone speech, not a generic meteorite dump alone.

  from Thomas Patrick Hughes · A Dictionary of Islam, 1885

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Celtic tradition

• Menhir is historically related to Stone.

  Keightley’s antiquarian asides seat menhirs among standing stones tied to fairy and giant lore — standing-stone speech, not a dolmen alone.

  from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)

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• Dolmen is historically related to Stone.

  Keightley seats dolmens among stone table-tombs in fairy and giant speech — dolmen speech, not a menhir alone.

  from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)

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• Cairn is historically related to Stone.

  Keightley seats cairns among stone-heaps of burial and fairy lore — cairn speech, not a dolmen alone.

  from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)

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