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Frankincense

Objects · Colors & materials

A Boswellia resin of the southern Arabian and Horn trade. A priced aromatic, not a proof that every culture’s incense is the same gift.

Also known as olibanum

Arabia

  • Frankincense appears in Arabia.

    Frankincense is a southern Arabian and Horn resin of priced trade. Aromatic geography, not a proof that Islamic prayer is incense-magic.

    from Pliny the Elder · Natural History, c. 77 CE

    appears in · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is used in Incense.

    Frankincense is a resin burned as incense. The technique is widespread; the priced gum is local to a trade.

    from Pliny the Elder · Natural History, c. 77 CE

    used in · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is used in Offerings.

    Resin burned as a gift. Pliny prices aromatics; he is not writing temple law for every altar.

    from Pliny the Elder · Natural History, c. 77 CE

    used in · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is used in Medicine.

    Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica lists frankincense (libanos/thus) among drugs: an astringent for ulcers and bloody wounds, mixed into medicines for the arteries and bowels, and taken as a drink for those who spit blood. A first-century pharmacological use of the resin, not Arabian incense-trade and not a temple offering.

    from Pedanius Dioscorides · De Materia Medica, 1st century CE

    used in · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is historically related to Myrrh.

    In Dunglison’s Medical Lexicon, Cleoni’s gluten is an astringent formula of myrrh, frankincense, and white of egg — frankincense is compounded with that myrrh.

    from Robley Dunglison · Medical Lexicon, 1874 (and earlier PD eds.)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is historically related to Egg.

    In Dunglison’s Medical Lexicon, Cleone’s gluten is an astringent formula of myrrh, frankincense, and white of egg — frankincense is mixed with that egg.

    from Robley Dunglison · Medical Lexicon, 1874 (and earlier PD eds.)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is historically related to Honey.

    In Culpeper’s English Physician, an electuary mixes frankincense among powders with honey boiled with the decoction of emblicks — frankincense is worked into that honey electuary.

    from Nicholas Culpeper · The English Physician, 1652 (and later PD editions)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is historically related to Altar.

    In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, part of the frankincense put upon the shew bread was to be burnt on the altar for a memorial — frankincense is burnt on that altar.

    from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is historically related to Bread.

    In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, part of the frankincense put upon the shew bread was to be burnt on the altar for a memorial — frankincense is burnt from that bread.

    from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is historically related to Wine.

    In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, at execution a grain of frankincense was given in a cup of wine to stupify the malefactor — frankincense is taken in that wine.

    from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is historically related to Cup.

    In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, at execution a grain of frankincense is given in a cup of wine to stupify the malefactor — frankincense is put in that cup.

    from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is historically related to Barley.

    In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, the jealousy barley offering admits no oil or frankincense with the meaner grain — frankincense is withheld from that barley meal.

    from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Frankincense is historically related to Lard.

    In Buchan’s Domestic Medicine, yellow basilicum ointment melts yellow wax, white resin, and frankincense together over a gentle fire, then adds prepared hog’s lard and strains the ointment while hot.

    from William Buchan · Domestic Medicine, 1791 (12th ed.; Gutenberg #74359)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Galbanum is historically related to Frankincense.

    In Dunglison’s Medical Lexicon, manus Dei plaster is prepared of frankincense with galbanum among the gums — galbanum is prepared with that frankincense.

    from Robley Dunglison · Medical Lexicon, 1874 (and earlier PD eds.)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Flour is historically related to Frankincense.

    In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, the twelve shewbread loaves of flour were presented hot each sabbath with an offering accompanied by salt and frankincense — flour is offered with that frankincense.

    from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Salt is historically related to Frankincense.

    In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, the twelve shewbread loaves were presented each sabbath with an offering accompanied by salt and frankincense — salt is joined with that frankincense.

    from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Offering is historically related to Frankincense.

    In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, the shew-bread offering was accompanied with salt and frankincense — the offering is set with that frankincense.

    from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Saffron is historically related to Frankincense.

    In Culpeper English Physician, mithridate compounds saffron with frankincense among myrrh, ginger, cinnamon, and treacle mustard seeds.

    from Nicholas Culpeper · The English Physician, 1652 (and later PD editions)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Vinegar is historically related to Frankincense.

    In Culpeper’s English Physician, Electuarium scoriaferri infuses flakes of iron in vinegar seven days and dries them, then compounds them with frankincense, ginger, pepper, and boiled honey.

    from Nicholas Culpeper · The English Physician, 1652 (and later PD editions)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Comfrey is historically related to Frankincense.

    In Culpeper’s English Physician, a plaister of betony boils betony, burnet, agrimony, sage, pennyroyal, yarrow, comfrey the greater, and clary in white wine, then adds frankincense, mastich, orris, birthwort, wax, turpentine, and the rest to finish the plaister.

    from Nicholas Culpeper · The English Physician, 1652 (and later PD editions)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Gold is historically related to Frankincense.

    In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, the shewbread offering is accompanied with salt and frankincense, the loaves stacked with thin plates of gold between them and renewed every sabbath.

    from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

  • Woad is historically related to Frankincense.

    In Culpeper’s English Physician, a plaster takes woad with comfrey and horsetail among the herbs, and frankincense, myrrh, aloes, and mastich among the gums, finished with pitch and turpentine.

    from Nicholas Culpeper · The English Physician, 1652 (and later PD editions)

    historically related to · sourced · documented

Egyptian religion

  • Frankincense appears in Egyptian religion.

    Herodotus’s Arabian logos treats frankincense among aromatics gathered and traded toward Egypt and the Mediterranean. A named frankincense in that traveler’s speech, not myrrh as the keep-apart resin and not KF generic incense churn.

    from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE

    appears in · sourced · documented

Hellenic religion

  • Frankincense appears in Hellenic religion.

    Ovid’s Metamorphoses Book 4 turns Leucothoe into frankincense after the sun-god’s buried love. A named frankincense metamorphosis in that poem, not KF offerings churn and not myrrh as the same resin.

    from Ovid · Metamorphoses, 8 CE

    appears in · sourced · documented

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