animal
Sheep
Sheep as an animal people have named and used. Resilience, Care, Sacrifice — one living kind, not a single symbol.
Sheep is used in Medicine.
Pliny’s Natural History treats sheep among flock animals with fat, milk, and other parts entering Roman pharmacological speech. A named sheep in that encyclopedia, not wool as the dye material already walked and not a pastoral dump alone.
from Pliny the Elder · Natural History, c. 77 CE
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Sheep is associated with Ox.
In Beeton’s Book of Household Management, like the ox, scarcely a part of the sheep cannot be converted to some useful purpose — the sheep is paired with that ox use.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
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Sheep is historically related to Cross.
In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediæval Christian Art, the Good Shepherd mosaic at Ravenna seats the shepherd among his flock with the additions of the nimbus and the cross — the sheep flock frames that cross.
from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)
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Sheep is historically related to Goat.
In Twining Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, the Good Shepherd sheep is sometimes replaced by the goat in the same emblem type - sheep and goat share that shepherd figure.
from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)
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Sheep is historically related to Mountain.
In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems, a Lateran mosaic shows four rivers of paradise flowing from the mountain under the cross while sheep, emblems of faithful Christians, drink from them.
from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)
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Market is historically related to Sheep.
In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, at Jerusalem by the sheep market was the pool Bethesda — the market is the sheep market.
from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)
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Butter is historically related to Sheep.
In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, Arab haymak is cream produced by simmering fresh sheep’s milk for some hours over a slow fire, offered in place of foul newly churned butter.
from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)
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Dove is historically related to Sheep.
In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, a 13th-century Lateran mosaic shows a dove pouring rays on a cross while sheep drink from the four rivers of paradise flowing from its mountain.
from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)
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Islam
Sheep appears in Islam.
The Qur’an names sheep among livestock (anʿām) in provision, sacrifice-neighbor, and flock speech. A named animal in that revelation, not a pastoral stereotype dump alone.
from M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translation) · The Qur’an, 2004 (this translation); Arabic text 7th century CE
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Hellenic religion
Sheep appears in Hellenic religion.
Pausanias notes sheep among ordinary sacrificial flocks at Greek sanctuaries. A named sheep in that periegesis, not ram as the male already filed and not a pastoral romance dump.
from Pausanias · Description of Greece, c. 150–180 CE
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Egyptian religion
Sheep appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes sheep among sacrificial and sacred-animal neighbors. A named sheep in that traveler’s speech, not ram/goat as keep-apart caprids and not Pliny sheep-medicine alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
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Vedic tradition
Sheep appears in Vedic tradition.
The Ṛgveda names the sheep (avi) among flock wealth and the animal whose wool serves the soma filter. A named Vedic flock animal in that corpus, not ram as the already-filed mesha speech and not a Pliny pharmacy sheep.
from Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton (translation) · The Rigveda, 2014 (this translation); hymns much older
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Roman religion
Milk pail is used in Sheep.
Columella’s De Re Rustica seats pails that take ewe and flock milk for cheese craft among sheep dairy. A named milk-pail in that sheep work, not cheese-press as the weighting press already walked under Pliny and not milk-dipper as the cosmos asterism refused.
from Columella · De Re Rustica, 1st century CE
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Sheep shears is used in Sheep.
Columella’s De Re Rustica seats spring shears that cut fleece among sheep husbandry. A named sheep-shears in that sheep craft, not sieve-and-shears as folk divination chrome refused and not kitchen-shears as modern cookware refused.
from Columella · De Re Rustica, 1st century CE
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Shepherd’s crook is used in Sheep.
Columella’s De Re Rustica seats hooked staffs that catch and guide flock among sheep husbandry. A named shepherd-crook in that sheep craft, not crook-and-flail as Egyptian royal pair already walked elsewhere and not a billhook as the wood cutter.
from Columella · De Re Rustica, 1st century CE
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Woollen Yarn is used in Sheep.
Columella’s De Re Rustica seats spun wool from flock fleece among the products sheep husbandry supplies the estate. A named woollen-yarn in that sheep craft, not carding-comb as the prep tool already walked under Pliny and not chenille/silk-noil fashion yarns refused.
from Columella · De Re Rustica, 1st century CE
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sources
- Natural History · Pliny the Elder
Pliny, Naturalis Historia.
- The Qur’an · M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translation)
M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, The Qur’an (Oxford).
- Description of Greece · Pausanias
Pausanias, Description of Greece.
- Histories · Herodotus
Herodotus, Histories.
- The Rigveda · Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton (translation)
Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton, The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India.
- Book of Household Management · Isabella Beeton
Isabella Beeton, Beeton’s Book of Household Management (1861).
- Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art · Louisa Twining
Louisa Twining, Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art.
- De Re Rustica · Columella
Columella, De Re Rustica (On Agriculture).
- A Biblical and Theological Dictionary · Richard Watson
Richard Watson, A Biblical and Theological Dictionary.