Mountain

Hellenic religion

• Mountain is associated with Delphi.

  Delphi sits on Parnassus. The sanctuary is a mountain place in Pausanias’s walk.

  from Pausanias · Description of Greece, c. 150–180 CE

  associated with · sourced · documented

• Mountain appears in Hellenic religion.

  Pausanias climbs and names cult mountains across the Greek itinerary (Lykaion, Helikon neighbors, and kin). A named mountain class in that periegesis, not Olympus as the Iliad seat already walked and not a hiking gazetteer dump.

  from Pausanias · Description of Greece, c. 150–180 CE

  appears in · sourced · documented

• Plateau is historically related to Mountain.

  Strabo’s Geography seats raised flat highlands — Armenian, Iranian, and Iberian tablelands among them — as highland country distinct from peaked mountain chains. Plateau historically related to mountain country as tableland, not peak as a summit alone and not prairie as a grass plain.

  from Strabo · Geography, c. early 1st century CE

  historically related to · sourced · documented

• Mountain is associated with Cave.

  A mountain often holds caves. The hollow is a local geology before it is a sanctuary or a tomb.

  associated with · interpretive · documented

• Mountain is associated with Stone.

  A mountain is piled rock. Temples and mines take stone from slopes; the mountain is not a generic “high place” of every cult.

  associated with · interpretive · documented

• Mountain is associated with Rain.

  Slopes catch weather. Rain on a mountain is hydrology before it is a fertility rite.

  associated with · interpretive · culturally specific

• Dove is historically related to Mountain.

  In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems, a 13th-century Lateran mosaic shows a dove pouring rays on a cross while four rivers of paradise flow from the mountain on which it stands, with stags and sheep drinking from them.

  from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)

  historically related to · sourced · documented

• Sheep is historically related to Mountain.

  In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems, a Lateran mosaic shows four rivers of paradise flowing from the mountain under the cross while sheep, emblems of faithful Christians, drink from them.

  from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)

  historically related to · sourced · documented

• Cross is historically related to Mountain.

  In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems, a Lateran mosaic sets the cross on a mountain from which the four rivers of paradise flow while a dove pours rays upon it and sheep drink below.

  from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)

  historically related to · sourced · documented

Shinto

• Mountain appears in Shinto.

  The Kojiki’s land-birth and kami genealogies name mountains among the formed islands and sacred slopes of the reed-plain world. Named mountain speech in that cosmogony and itinerary, not Delphi’s Parnassus alone.

  from Ō no Yasumaro (compiler); Donald L. Philippi (translation) · Kojiki, 712 CE; Philippi trans. 1968

  appears in · sourced · documented

• Tengu is historically related to Mountain.

  Chamberlain seats tengu among Japanese mountain goblins of long noses and wings in folklore — mountain-spirit speech, not an oni hell-demon alone and not a kappa water-sprite.

  from Basil Hall Chamberlain · Things Japanese, 1890 (5th ed. 1905)

  historically related to · sourced · documented

Islam

• Mountain appears in Islam.

  The Qur’an names mountains (and Ṭūr) among created signs, as pegs of the earth, and as sites of address. A named mountain speech in that revelation, not a hiking dump and not Sinai as a missing Bible place id.

  from M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translation) · The Qur’an, 2004 (this translation); Arabic text 7th century CE

  appears in · sourced · documented

Roman religion

• Mountain appears in Roman religion.

  Virgil’s Aeneid seats mountains among Sicilian Etna speech, Italian ranges, and divine mountain seats of the poem. A named mountain in that epic, not Olympus alone and not a hiking gazetteer.

  from Virgil · Aeneid, 19 BCE (unfinished at the poet’s death)

  appears in · sourced · documented

Buddhist traditions

• Mountain appears in Buddhist traditions.

  Watson’s Lotus Sūtra names jeweled mountains and mountain assemblies beside Mount Sumeru scale-speech. A named mountain in that sūtra, not Meru as the cosmic peak already filed and not Olympus.

  from Burton Watson (translation) · The Lotus Sutra, 1993 (this translation); Sanskrit/Chinese recensions much older

  appears in · sourced · documented

Norse tradition

• Mountain appears in Norse tradition.

  Eddic poems in the Poetic Edda seat mountains among jötun-home and travel speech. A named mountain in that corpus, not a mint of jotunheim as a second id and not every alpine dump.

  from Anonymous (Eddic poems); Carolyne Larrington (translation) · Poetic Edda, medieval Icelandic compilation; Larrington trans. 1996/2014

  appears in · sourced · documented

Chinese tradition

• Mountain appears in Chinese tradition.

  The Yijing’s trigram speech seats Mountain (Gèn) among the eight image-figures of the classic. A named mountain image in that correlative grammar, not a gazetteer peak and not Olympus alone.

  from Richard Wilhelm / Cary F. Baynes (translation) · I Ching (Yijing), Wilhelm 1924; Baynes English 1950

  appears in · sourced · documented

Vedic tradition

• Mountain appears in Vedic tradition.

  The Ṛgveda seats mountains among strongholds, Vala-cleft speech, and hymn landscape. A named Vedic mountain in that corpus, not Meru as a later cosmic mountain alone and not a Shinto mountain walk.

  from Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton (translation) · The Rigveda, 2014 (this translation); hymns much older

  appears in · sourced · documented

Nahua tradition

• Mountain appears in Nahua tradition.

  Sahagún’s Florentine Codex records tepetl among landscape, pilgrimage, and Tlaloc-adjacent mountain shrine speech — named mountains as places and cult heights. A colonial-era Nahua ethnographic attestation, not a pan-Mesoamerican essence and not an unfiltered pre-invasion voice.

  from Bernardino de Sahagún and Nahua collaborators · Florentine Codex, c. 1577

  appears in · sourced · culturally specific

• Mountain is sacred to Tlaloc.

  Sahagún’s Florentine Codex seats Tlaloc’s cult on mountains and records mountain shrines watered for rain — mountains dedicated in Tlaloc rite, not bare landscape alone. A colonial-era Nahua ethnographic attestation, not a pan-Mesoamerican essence and not an unfiltered pre-invasion voice.

  from Bernardino de Sahagún and Nahua collaborators · Florentine Codex, c. 1577

  sacred to · sourced · culturally specific

Celtic tradition

• Aos sí is historically related to Mountain.

  Keightley seats the aos sí / people of the sidhe among Irish fairy-mound dwellers Aos Si historically related to mountain and highland, not a free synonym dump and not a forced identity merge.

  from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)

  historically related to · sourced · documented

• Cailleach is historically related to Mountain.

  Keightley seats the Cailleach among Gaelic winter hag figures of hills and storms — mountain-hag speech, not a generic witch dump.

  from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)

  historically related to · sourced · documented

• Sìth is historically related to Mountain.

  Keightley seats the sìth / fairy folk of Scottish Gaelic lore among mound and hill dwellers — sìth speech, not aos sí Irish alone as identical dump.

  from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)

  historically related to · sourced · documented