Source citation ledger
Chinese Art
Stephen W. Bushell
book · 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
Stephen W. Bushell, Chinese Art (V&A handbook, 1904–1906).
Chinese Art (Victoria and Albert Museum handbook)
Added 2026-10-18 (yield-gated wave 10). Preflight Chinese art orphans (~29). License-check required. Keep apart laufer-jade and merrifield-painting.
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Chinese tradition
Gu is historically related to Bronze.
Bushell’s Bronze chapter seats the gū as a tall ritual wine beaker among archaic Chinese bronze vessels — bronze-vessel speech, not a jade cong alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Guqin is historically related to Silk.
Bushell’s notes on scholar arts seat the qin / guqin as the silk-stringed zither of the Chinese literati — zither speech, not a pipa lute alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pipa is historically related to Silk.
Bushell seats the pipa among Chinese lutes with silk strings in decorative and genre scenes — lute speech, not a guqin zither alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Se is historically related to Silk.
Bushell’s instrument notes seat the sè as the large many-stringed Chinese zither — zither speech beside the qin, not a pipa lute.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bianzhong is historically related to Bronze.
Bushell’s Bronze / music notes seat bianzhong as the graduated bronze bell-chime sets of Chinese courts — chime-bell speech, not a single temple bell dump.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Celadon is historically related to Porcelain.
Bushell’s Porcelain handbook seats celadon among the jade-green glazed stonewares and porcelains of Chinese kilns — celadon glaze speech, not a blue-and-white dump alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
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Bushell’s Bronze chapter seats the boshanlu as the hill-censer of Han bronze for burning incense — censer use, not a plain tripod ding alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
used in · sourced · documented
Kesi is historically related to Silk.
Bushell’s textile notes seat kesi as the slit-tapestry silk weave of Chinese court dress and hangings — tapestry-silk speech, not embroidered satin alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
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Pailou is historically related to Gate.
Bushell’s Architecture seats the pailou / paifang as the commemorative Chinese memorial gateway — gate speech, not a pagoda tower alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bushell’s domestic notes seat the kang as the heated brick sleeping-platform of northern Chinese houses — heated-bed use with fire flues, not a European stove dump alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
used in · sourced · documented
Snuff bottle is historically related to Glass.
Bushell’s minor arts seat Chinese snuff bottles among glass, jade, and porcelain small vessels for snuff — bottle craft, not a medicine gourd dump alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Dao is historically related to Sword.
Bushell’s metalwork notes seat the dāo among Chinese single-edged sabres — sabre speech, not a straight jiàn alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sycee is historically related to Silver.
Bushell’s notes on currency and metal seat sycee as the boat-shaped silver ingot money of Chinese trade — silver-ingot speech, not a gold coin dump alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Incense clock is used in Incense.
Bushell’s notes on incense furniture seat the incense clock as a timed incense-burning device — incense-timing use, not a mechanical clock dump alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
used in · sourced · documented
Incense seal is used in Incense.
Bushell seats incense seals among patterned incense-powder forms burned as seals — incense-pattern use, not an incense clock alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
used in · sourced · documented
Bushell’s geomancy asides seat the luopan as the Chinese geomancer’s compass used in feng-shui rite — compass use in that practice, not a mariner’s compass dump alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
used in · sourced · documented
Sampan is historically related to Bamboo.
Bushell’s genre scenes seat the sampan among small Chinese river boats of wood and bamboo — small-boat speech, not a sea junk alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sedan chair is historically related to Bamboo.
Bushell’s street and figure scenes seat the Chinese sedan chair / litter among bamboo-and-wood conveyances — litter speech, not a wheeled cart alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Wheelbarrow is historically related to Wheel.
Bushell’s notes on Chinese transport seat the Chinese wheelbarrow (often with a central wheel) among wheeled conveyances — wheelbarrow speech, not a sedan litter alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bushell’s porcelain / tea notes seat the gaiwan as the lidded Chinese tea bowl for steeping and drinking — tea-bowl use, not a sake cup dump.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
used in · sourced · documented
Bushell’s Porcelain seats Jian / tenmoku dark-glazed tea bowls among Chinese tea wares admired in Japan — tea-bowl use, not celadon greenware alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
used in · sourced · documented
Oil Spot is historically related to Porcelain.
Bushell’s Porcelain seats oil-spot glaze among the dark Jian tea-bowl effects — glaze speech on porcelain/stoneware, not a petroleum dump.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sheng is historically related to Bamboo.
Bushell’s music notes seat the sheng as the Chinese mouth organ of bamboo pipes — bamboo-pipe speech, not a Western organ dump.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Dizi is historically related to Bamboo.
Bushell seats the dizi as the Chinese transverse bamboo flute — bamboo flute speech, not a sheng mouth organ alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Xiao is historically related to Bamboo.
Bushell seats the xiao as the Chinese end-blown bamboo flute — vertical flute speech, not a transverse dizi alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Erhu is historically related to Silk.
Bushell’s music notes seat the erhu among Chinese spiked fiddles with silk (later metal) strings — fiddle speech, not a pipa lute alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Yangqin is historically related to Bronze.
Bushell seats the yangqin as the Chinese hammered dulcimer with metal strings over a soundboard — dulcimer speech toward metal-string craft, not a silk zither alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Guzheng is historically related to Silk.
Bushell seats the guzheng as the Chinese movable-bridge zither with silk strings — zither speech, not a yangqin dulcimer alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bushell’s festival and funeral music notes seat the suona as the loud Chinese shawm used in processions and rites — rite-music use, not a quiet qin alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
used in · sourced · documented
Pavilion is historically related to Temple.
Bushell’s Architecture seats garden and temple pavilions among Chinese open halls in palace and temple grounds — pavilion speech, not a European bandstand dump alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Buddhist traditions
Pagoda is historically related to Temple.
Bushell’s Architecture chapter seats Chinese pagodas among Buddhist temple towers — tower speech at temple sites, not a European church steeple dump.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
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Guanyin represents Buddhist traditions.
Bushell’s Sculpture / Buddhist art seats Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) among Chinese bodhisattva images — bodhisattva image speech, not a Daoist immortal dump.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
represents · sourced · documented
Arhat represents Buddhist traditions.
Bushell’s Sculpture seats arhats / luohan among Chinese Buddhist disciple figures — arhat image speech, not Guanyin bodhisattva alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
represents · sourced · documented
Bodhisattva represents Buddhist traditions.
Bushell’s Buddhist sculpture seats the bodhisattva class of compassionate beings in Chinese temple art — bodhisattva speech, not an arhat disciple alone.
from Stephen W. Bushell · Chinese Art, 1904–1906 (2nd ed. 1909)
represents · sourced · documented