animal
Dog
Dog as an animal people have named and used. Protection, Loyalty, Guide — one living kind, not a single symbol.
Dog is used in Medicine.
Pliny’s Natural History treats the dog among land animals whose parts and products enter Roman pharmacological chapters. A named dog in that encyclopedia’s remedy speech, not Cerberus as the hell-hound and not a modern breed dump.
from Pliny the Elder · Natural History, c. 77 CE
used in · sourced · documented
Nahua tradition
Dog appears in Nahua tradition.
Sahagún’s Florentine Codex records itzcuintli in Book 11 four-footed animals — named dog including hairless and ordinary kinds. A colonial-era Nahua ethnographic attestation, not a pan-Mesoamerican essence and not an unfiltered pre-invasion voice.
from Bernardino de Sahagún and Nahua collaborators · Florentine Codex, c. 1577
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Islam
Dog appears in Islam.
The Qur’an (18:18) names the dog of the Companions of the Cave among their number. A named dog in that revelation, not a generic pet dump and not pig as dietary speech.
from M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translation) · The Qur’an, 2004 (this translation); Arabic text 7th century CE
appears in · sourced · documented
Hellenic religion
Dog appears in Hellenic religion.
Pausanias notes dogs among Hecate-neighbor and Asklepian sanctuary animal speech. A named dog in that periegesis, not wolf as the Lykaion animal and not a pet dump alone.
from Pausanias · Description of Greece, c. 150–180 CE
appears in · sourced · documented
Egyptian religion
Dog appears in Egyptian religion.
Herodotus’s Egyptian logos notes dogs among sacred animals and burial customs. A named dog in that traveler’s speech, not Anubis as a deity flatten and not Pliny pharmacy alone.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE
appears in · sourced · documented
Dog is sacred to Anubis.
Plutarch’s On Isis and Osiris seats the dog with Anubis in Egyptian search-and-guard speech — canine Anubis as Greek readers hear that cult. A named dog–Anubis cult link under this source, not a jackal taxonomy fight and not a generic cemetery-dog dump.
from Plutarch · On Isis and Osiris, c. 100 CE
sacred to · sourced · culturally specific
Norse tradition
Dog appears in Norse tradition.
Völuspá in the Poetic Edda names Garmr, the hound before the cliff-cave, among ending speech. A named dog/hound in that poem, not Fenrir as the wolf already walked and not a pet dump.
from Anonymous (Eddic poems); Carolyne Larrington (translation) · Poetic Edda, medieval Icelandic compilation; Larrington trans. 1996/2014
appears in · sourced · documented
Vedic tradition
Dog appears in Vedic tradition.
The Ṛgveda names the dog (śvan), including Saramā’s canine speech, among hymn animals. A named Vedic dog in that corpus, not wolf as the wild canid and not a Pliny pharmacy dog.
from Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton (translation) · The Rigveda, 2014 (this translation); hymns much older
appears in · sourced · documented
sources
- Natural History · Pliny the Elder
Pliny, Naturalis Historia.
- Florentine Codex · Bernardino de Sahagún and Nahua collaborators
Bernardino de Sahagún, General History of the Things of New Spain (Florentine Codex).
- The Qur’an · M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translation)
M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, The Qur’an (Oxford).
- Description of Greece · Pausanias
Pausanias, Description of Greece.
- Histories · Herodotus
Herodotus, Histories.
- Poetic Edda · Anonymous (Eddic poems); Carolyne Larrington (translation)
The Poetic Edda, trans. Carolyne Larrington.
- The Rigveda · Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton (translation)
Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton, The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India.
- On Isis and Osiris · Plutarch
Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris (Moralia).