number
Four
A count of directions, winds, and seasons in several local schemes. The schemes do not share one map of the world.
Four is associated with Season.
A four-season year is one local habit of dividing light and weather. It is not universal.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Four is associated with Circle.
Four winds or directions are often drawn as a cross in a circle. The drawing is a map-habit, not a proof of cosmic order.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Four is associated with Calendar.
Some calendars quarter a year. Four is that architecture, not a luck charm.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Calendar is associated with Four.
Some year-schemes quarter the year. Four here is a seasonal architecture, not a luck number.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Southern Cross is associated with Four.
The familiar asterism is four bright arms. That is a sky-shape, not a Christian crucifix and not a Mesoamerican world-direction cross.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Five is opposed to Four.
Four directions and fivefold Chinese schemes are easy to rhyme. They are different local maps of the world, not a debate the numbers themselves are having.
opposed to · interpretive · culturally specific
Norse tradition
Four appears in Norse tradition.
Snorri’s Gylfaginning seats fours among the dwarfs set at the world’s corners and the four stags on the ash. A named four in that prose, not a cardinal-direction dump alone and not a bare square slogan.
from Snorri Sturluson · Gylfaginning, c. 1220
appears in · sourced · documented
Nahua tradition
Four appears in Nahua tradition.
Sahagún’s Florentine Codex records four among world-directions, previous suns, and ritual quaternities — named four as cosmological count. A colonial-era Nahua ethnographic attestation, not a pan-Mesoamerican essence and not an unfiltered pre-invasion voice.
from Bernardino de Sahagún and Nahua collaborators · Florentine Codex, c. 1577
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Chinese tradition
Four appears in Chinese tradition.
Wilhelm’s Yijing correlative materials seat fourfold season and direction speech among the classic’s image world. A named four in that Chinese correlative grammar, not a gospel-evangelist dump and not forty-nine as the stalk count.
from Richard Wilhelm / Cary F. Baynes (translation) · I Ching (Yijing), Wilhelm 1924; Baynes English 1950
appears in · sourced · documented
Vedic tradition
Four appears in Vedic tradition.
The Ṛgveda works four-counts in hymn tallies — quarters, teams, and grouped gifts — as a named tally speech. A named Vedic four in that corpus, not later four-varṇa system alone and not seven as river/seer count.
from Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton (translation) · The Rigveda, 2014 (this translation); hymns much older
appears in · sourced · documented
Egyptian religion
Four appears in Egyptian religion.
The Book of the Dead seats four sons of Horus and four canopic directions among funerary counts — named four speech in that corpus, not a bare season calendar dump and not a four→represents→horus stretch.
from Raymond O. Faulkner (translation) · Book of the Dead, New Kingdom spells; Faulkner trans. 1972
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Astrology
Four is used in Astrology.
Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos organizes the zodiac into four triangles (triplicities) among judicial schemes. A named four-fold in that handbook, not four seasons as a calendar dump alone and not a bare number slogan.
from Claudius Ptolemy · Tetrabiblos, c. 150 CE
used in · sourced · documented
Islam
Qibla is associated with Four.
Facing one direction organizes space. It is not a four-direction cosmology of another continent.
from M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translation) · The Qur’an, 2004 (this translation); Arabic text 7th century CE
associated with · interpretive · documented
sources
- Gylfaginning · Snorri Sturluson
Snorri Sturluson, Gylfaginning, in the Prose Edda.
- Florentine Codex · Bernardino de Sahagún and Nahua collaborators
Bernardino de Sahagún, General History of the Things of New Spain (Florentine Codex).
- I Ching (Yijing) · Richard Wilhelm / Cary F. Baynes (translation)
The I Ching or Book of Changes, trans. Richard Wilhelm, English Cary F. Baynes.
- The Rigveda · Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton (translation)
Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton, The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India.
- Book of the Dead · Raymond O. Faulkner (translation)
Raymond O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead.
- Tetrabiblos · Claudius Ptolemy
Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos.
- The Qur’an · M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translation)
M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, The Qur’an (Oxford).