object

Lead

Colors & materials · Objects

A soft heavy metal. Plumbing, curse tablets, and planetary Saturn talk have used it; those uses are separate meetings.

element · 24

Lead is used in Water.
In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, lead pipes carry water from a reservoir at the source — the pipes are sized to the interior area needed for the flow.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Lead is historically related to Copper.
In The Potter’s Craft, lead in the glaze changes copper colours — with lead, copper tends green rather than the turquoise blue of a leadless alkaline glaze.
from Charles Fergus Binns · The Potter's Craft: A Practical Guide for the Studio and Workshop, PD Gutenberg #40411
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Lead is historically related to Vinegar.
In Theophilus’s Divers Arts, ceruse is made by setting thinned lead plates dry in a hollow wood and pouring hot vinegar over them until white forms on the metal — lead is acted on by that vinegar.
from Theophilus Presbyter · On Divers Arts, c. early 12th century
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Lead is historically related to Tallow.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, silver parted with lead is poured into another crucible first warmed and lined with tallow, then violently shaken — lead-bearing silver is cast into that tallow-lined crucible.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Lead is historically related to Minium.
In Theophilus’s Divers Arts, after making ceruse from lead plates, you grind that ceruse and fire it in pots upon hot coals when you wish to make minium of it — lead ceruse is converted into that minium.
from Theophilus Presbyter · On Divers Arts, c. early 12th century
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Lead is historically related to Verdigris.
In Vitruvius, white lead and verdigris are prepared together in Rhodes by pouring vinegar over shavings with pieces of lead laid on them in covered jars — lead is set for that verdigris work.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Lead is historically related to Niello.
In Theophilus’s Divers Arts, black kept for the service of niello receives copper and lead before burning, mixed with sulphur according to the measure already given.
from Theophilus Presbyter · On Divers Arts, c. early 12th century
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Salt of saturn is historically related to Lead.
Cooley seats salt of Saturn / sugar of lead (acetate of lead) among lead salts — Saturn salt speech, not metallic lead alone.
from Arnold James Cooley · Cyclopædia of Practical Receipts, 6th ed. (PD; Gutenberg #39733 / #41957)
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Bismuth is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, bismuth is treated differently from lead in the furnace — separate working is given for iron, lead, tin, and bismuth rather than one lead method for all.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Silver is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, the tenth book instructs in separating silver from gold, and lead from gold and silver — silver is separated with that lead work.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Antimony is historically related to Lead.
In Ure’s Dictionary, type metal is an alloy of lead and antimony — antimony is alloyed with that lead.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
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Chalk is historically related to Lead.
In Ure’s Dictionary, a print mordant dissolves alum, then mixes acetate of lead with sal-ammoniac and chalk before drawing off clear — chalk is mixed with that lead salt.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
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Charcoal is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, assay and smelting burn charcoal rather than wood, and metals tested in the crucible include lead mixed as in the blast furnace — charcoal fires that lead assay.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Pewter is historically related to Lead.
In Ure’s Dictionary, lead for shot that contains much pewter or tin must be rejected because it produces elongated drops — pewter spoils that lead shot.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
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Massicot is historically related to Lead.
In Ure’s Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, massicot is the yellow oxide of lead — massicot is that lead oxide.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
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Slag is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, when metal flows into the forehearth the smelter pours in cold water and takes the slag from the metal with a hooked bar, as gold and silver are later separated from lead — slag is taken off that lead metal.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Calomel is historically related to Lead.
In Dunglison’s Medical Lexicon, Marshall’s cerate compounds palm oil with calomel, sugar of lead, and ointment of nitrate of mercury — calomel is mixed with that lead salt in the cerate.
from Robley Dunglison · Medical Lexicon, 1874 (and earlier PD eds.)
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Oil is historically related to Lead.
In Dunglison’s Medical Lexicon, the ancient caricum detergent for ulcers compounded black hellebore, sandarach, copper, lead, sulphur, orpiment, cantharides, and oil of cedar — lead is compounded with that oil.
from Robley Dunglison · Medical Lexicon, 1874 (and earlier PD eds.)
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Lava is historically related to Lead.
In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, inner walls of red dimension stone, burnt brick, or lava laid in courses are bound to the facings by iron clamps and lead so the work settles evenly without bulging.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Sulfur is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, lead ash for flux is made by throwing sulphur into lead melted in a crucible, removing the scum, and repeating until all the lead is turned into powder.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Dust is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, some rub bricks and sift the dust into beech ashes so that kind of dust will not allow the hearth-lead to absorb gold or silver by eating away the cupels.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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European folklore

Graphite is historically related to Lead.
Ure’s Dictionary seats GRAPHITE (plombagine / Reissblei) as a lead- or iron-gray mineral staining the fingers with a lead-gray hue, cross-referenced as PLUMBAGO / black lead. A named graphite in that black-lead naming speech, not metallic lead smelting alone, and not diamond.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
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Molybdenum is historically related to Lead.
Ure’s Dictionary seats MOLYBDENUM among rare metals occurring as sulphuret, molybdic acid, and molybdate of lead. A named molybdenum in that molybdate-of-lead ore speech, not tungsten/wolfram, and not platinum.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
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Sugar of lead is historically related to Lead.
Bancroft seats sugar of lead (acetate of lead) as the oxide of lead dissolved for improving the aluminous mordant by decomposing alum toward acetate of alumine for madder and related colours. A named sugar-of-lead in that lead-acetate mordant speech, not white-lead pigment alone, and not chrome yellow.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
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object · 20

Lead is historically related to Honey.
In Dunglison’s Medical Lexicon, a galbanum plaster dissolves resins in alcohol and evaporates to the consistence of honey before adding lead plaster and wax — lead plaster is worked to that honey consistence stage.
from Robley Dunglison · Medical Lexicon, 1874 (and earlier PD eds.)
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Lead is historically related to Egg.
In Theophilus’s Divers Arts, white lead is mixed among tempering colours broken with egg, as other colours are tempered with egg — lead is worked with that egg.
from Theophilus Presbyter · On Divers Arts, c. early 12th century
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Lead is historically related to Lute.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, molten lead alloyed with gold or silver is poured into iron or copper pans first lined with lute and dried by warming, lest the glowing metal break through — lead is cast into that lute-lined pan.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Lead is historically related to Borax.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, lead ore is assayed by crushing pure lead-stone with the chrysocolla called borax, mixing them in a crucible with a glowing coal until the borax crackles and the lead-stone melts — lead-stone is fused with that borax.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Lead is historically related to Butter.
In Dunglison’s Medical Lexicon, bezoardicum saturni was formed of protoxide of lead, butter of antimony, and nitric acid — lead is compounded with that butter of antimony.
from Robley Dunglison · Medical Lexicon, 1874 (and earlier PD eds.)
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Biscuit Kiln is historically related to Lead.
In Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, Biscuit Kiln and Lead are named as companions in the same handbook speech.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
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Screed is historically related to Lead.
In Hasluck's Cassell's Cyclopaedia of Mechanics, Screed is treated with Lead; piece and peer stock share the entry.
from Paul N. Hasluck (ed.) · Cassell's Cyclopaedia of Mechanics, 1903 (Internet Archive cu31924021892447)
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Stuck Brim is historically related to Lead.
In Thomson's A Treatise on Hat-Making and Felting, Stuck Brim is placed beside Lead as concrete shop companions.
from John Thomson · A Treatise on Hat-Making and Felting, PD Gutenberg #47090
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Turning Patterns is historically related to Lead.
In The Turner's Companion, Turning Patterns and Lead are named as companions in the same handbook speech.
from Anonymous · The Turner's Companion, PD Gutenberg #70100
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Wrapper is historically related to Lead.
In Hiscox's Henley's Twentieth Century Formulas, Recipes and Processes, Wrapper and Lead are named as companions in the same handbook speech.
from Gardner Dexter Hiscox (ed.) · Henley's Twentieth Century Formulas, Recipes and Processes, 1914 (Gutenberg #53143; PD in the USA)
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Cupel is used in Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, gold and silver are separated from lead in a cupel — the cupellation furnace works the lead button until the precious metals remain.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Ochre is used in Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, ochre with lead ashes, red-lead, and litharge helps ores that melt with difficulty — the lead companions flux the stubborn charge.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Tin is historically related to Lead.
In Theophilus’s Divers Arts, the mill and pestle for grinding gold are cast from copper and tin mixed, the tin being free from lead — tin is kept free of that lead in the cast metal.
from Theophilus Presbyter · On Divers Arts, c. early 12th century
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Litharge is historically related to Lead.
In Ure’s Dictionary, lead for assay must be entirely free from silver, being such as has been revived from pure litharge — litharge is revived into that lead.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
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Ladle is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, the assayer preferably wraps ore in paper rather than dropping it with a copper ladle into the scorifier, then stirs so the lead may absorb the metal — the ladle is used to charge that lead assay.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Bellows is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, the upper board of the double bellows carries a piece of lead heavy enough to press that part down and blow the blast through the nozzle — lead weights that bellows.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Flint is historically related to Lead.
In Ure’s Dictionary of Arts, a fine frit is made from calcine of equal parts lead and tin with ground flint and potash fused under the kiln — flint is fused with that lead calcine.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
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Crucible is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, in the crucible when metals are tested, be they gold, silver, copper, or lead, they are mixed as in the blast furnace — lead is tested in that crucible.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Alum is historically related to Lead.
In Ure’s Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, washed alum is put into a lead pan with just enough water to dissolve it at a boiling heat before the solution is run into crystallizing chests — alum is boiled in that lead pan.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
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European folklore

Type metal is historically related to Lead.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats the Mettal Founders cast Printing-Letters of as Lead hardened with Iron (stub-Nails melted into the pots), stirred and cast into matrices. A named letter-metal in that founding speech, not bare plumbing lead alone, not a stereotype plate, and not antimony as identity.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
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unknown · 5

material · 3

European folklore

Lead Glaze is historically related to Lead.
Piccolpasso’s handbook seats lead-glaze among the lead-fluxed coatings of the Renaissance potter, the base flux for transparent and tin-opacified maiolica glazes. A named lead-glaze in that workshop speech, not tin-glaze as the opaque white cousin alone and not salt-glaze as vapor stoneware.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
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Lead Frit is historically related to Lead.
Piccolpasso’s glaze prep seats lead frit among the pre-fired lead-silicate batches the potter melts and grinds before coating ware. A named lead-frit in that workshop speech, not alkaline-frit as glass-soda neighbor and not ceramic-frit as the generic silica batch alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
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Sandarac is historically related to Lead.
In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, white lead heated in an oven changes colour on the fire and becomes artificial sandarach — sandarach is burned from that lead white.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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substance · 3

Lead is historically related to Argol.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, lead and its ashes stand among fluxes for ores that melt easily, while argol belongs to the second order of fluxes for harder melts — lead flux sits beside that argol order.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Fustic Etc is historically related to Lead.
In Mairet's Vegetable Dyes, Fustic Etc is placed beside Lead as concrete shop companions.
from Ethel M. Mairet · Vegetable Dyes, PD Gutenberg #24076
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Ground Hold is historically related to Lead.
In Brown's Handbook on Japanning, Ground Hold and Lead are named as companions in the same handbook speech.
from William Norman Brown · Handbook on Japanning, PD Gutenberg #15622
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tradition · 3

Hellenic religion

Lead appears in Hellenic religion.
Ovid’s Metamorphoses Book 1 seats lead among Cupid’s dulling arrow opposite the golden one in the Apollo-Daphne chase. A named lead in that poem, not alchemy saturnine metal alone and not a plumbing dump.
from Ovid · Metamorphoses, 8 CE
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Roman religion

Lead appears in Roman religion.
Pliny’s Natural History seats lead among pipes, sheets, and worked soft metal of Roman craft speech beyond pharmacy alone. A named lead craft seat in that encyclopedia, not lead-medicine-pliny already walked and not tin as the neighboring soft metal alone.
from Pliny the Elder · Natural History, c. 77 CE
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Nahua tradition

Lead appears in Nahua tradition.
Sahagún’s Florentine Codex seats temetztli lead among earthly metals and craft speech. A named lead in that ethnography, not tin as a separate alloy-metal pad and not copper/gold/silver already filed.
from Bernardino de Sahagún and Nahua collaborators · Florentine Codex, c. 1577
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color · 2

Alchemy

Naples yellow is historically related to Lead.
Merrifield’s yellow pigment notes seat Naples yellow among lead-antimony opaque yellows of early-modern palettes continuous with giallorino speech. A named naples-yellow historically related to lead, not lead-tin-yellow as the earlier tin-lead yellow Theophilus seated and not cadmium-yellow.
from Mary Philadelphia Merrifield · Original Treatises on the Arts of Painting, 1849
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White is historically related to Lead.
In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, white lead is prepared in Rhodes by laying pieces of lead on shavings, pouring vinegar over them, and covering the jars — white is prepared from that lead.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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mineral · 2

Galena is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, concentrates that are mostly galena were smelted in low furnaces and the lead was afterward cupelled — galena is smelted into that lead.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Gypsum is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, copper melted with a sixth of a libra of lead is poured into another crucible smeared on the inside with tallow or gypsum before the sulphur powder is added — gypsum lines that lead charge.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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plant · 2

Pine is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, if in cupellation the lead remains fixed under a skin for want of heat, a dry pine stick is put into the mixture and drawn away when heated — pine is used to heat that lead.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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Fir is historically related to Lead.
In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, after charging lead alloy into the crucible through the nozzle aperture, the master lays small pieces of fir-wood or pitch pine upon it before opening the water-gates that drive the bellows to melt the alloy.
from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912
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practice · 1

Lead is used in Medicine.
Pliny’s Natural History treats metallic lead and lead preparations among metal remedies distinct from white-lead cerussa already walked. A Roman-era pharmacological use of the metal, not cerussa alone and not tin.
from Pliny the Elder · Natural History, c. 77 CE
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symbol · 1

Alchemy

Lead mark represents Lead.
Ruland’s Lexicon seats lead among Hermetic equivalents (Plumbum / Saturn) and chemist metals. A named lead-mark in that Saturn/planetary-metal sign speech, not tin Jupiter or iron Mars marks, and not a heraldic Saturn being dump.
from Martin Ruland the Elder · Lexicon Alchemiae, 1612
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sources