plant
Olive
The Mediterranean tree of oil and civic prize. Athena’s gift in Athenian story is one local aetiology, not a pan-Mediterranean oil theology.
Also known as olive tree
Hellenic religion
Olive appears in Athens.
The olive is Attic agriculture and prize. Pausanias walks a landscape of trees and cult; he is not writing a pan-Hellenic oil theology.
from Pausanias · Description of Greece, c. 150–180 CE
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Olive is associated with Tree.
The olive is a tree. Athena’s gift is one civic story about that tree.
from Pausanias · Description of Greece, c. 150–180 CE
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Olive is used in Offerings.
Oil and wreaths can be gifts. Pausanias notes local uses; he does not license a pan-Mediterranean olive-sacrament.
from Pausanias · Description of Greece, c. 150–180 CE
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Olive appears in Hellenic religion.
Pausanias seats the olive among Attic sacred trees and Olympic crowning gear. A named olive in that periegesis, not Qur’an olive speech already walked and not Dioscorides oil-pharmacy alone.
from Pausanias · Description of Greece, c. 150–180 CE
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Athena is associated with Olive.
Athenian story makes the olive her gift in the contest for the city. A local aetiology of oil and prize, not every Mediterranean grove.
from Herodotus · Histories, c. 440s BCE; Walter Burkert · Greek Religion, 1977 German; 1985 English
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Athens is associated with Olive.
The civic olive and its prizes belong to Attica. Pausanias walks that landscape.
from Pausanias · Description of Greece, c. 150–180 CE
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Islam
Olive appears in Islam.
The Qur’an opens sura 95 with an oath by the fig and the olive. A named plant in that Arabic scripture, not Athena’s civic gift at Athens, and not Dioscorides’ olive among drugs.
from M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translation) · The Qur’an, 2004 (this translation); Arabic text 7th century CE
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Roman religion
Olive appears in Roman religion.
Virgil’s Aeneid seats the olive among peace-branches and sacred tree speech of landing and embassy. A named olive in that epic, not Athena’s civic gift dump and not Dioscorides pharmacy olive restated.
from Virgil · Aeneid, 19 BCE (unfinished at the poet’s death)
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Olive is used in Oil.
In Culpeper’s English Physician, leaves are boiled in oil of olive into a green balsam — olive oil is the cooking vehicle for the herb salve with wax and rosin.
from Nicholas Culpeper · The English Physician, 1652 (and later PD editions)
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Olive is associated with Peace.
In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediæval Christian Art, the dove with the olive branch has been the emblem of peace and forgiveness from the time when it returned to the ark — olive is that peace-branch emblem.
from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)
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Olive is associated with Forgiveness.
In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediæval Christian Art, the dove with the olive branch has been the emblem of peace and forgiveness from the time when it returned to the ark — olive carries that forgiveness.
from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)
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Olive is historically related to Vinegar.
In Dunglison’s Medical Lexicon, soap cerate plaster is made of hard soap, yellow wax, olive oil, oxide of lead, and vinegar — olive oil is worked with that vinegar plaster.
from Robley Dunglison · Medical Lexicon, 1874 (and earlier PD eds.)
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Olive is historically related to Egg.
In Buchan’s Domestic Medicine, when Turner’s cerate cannot be had for a burn, an egg may be beat up with about an equal quantity of the sweetest salad-oil or olive oil — olive oil is beaten with that egg.
from William Buchan · Domestic Medicine, 1791 (12th ed.; Gutenberg #74359)
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Olive is historically related to Pine.
In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, game crowns were wreaths of wild olive, pine, parsley, or laurel according to the place — olive is set with that pine crown.
from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)
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Olive is historically related to Jerusalem.
In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediæval Christian Art, palm branches strewed Christ’s entrance into Jerusalem, and the olive was carried on as an emblem of peace — olive peace is set beside that Jerusalem entry.
from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)
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Olive is historically related to Chalk.
In Beeton’s Book of Household Management, a sting liniment mixes finely-scraped chalk with olive-oil to the thickness of cream — olive oil is worked with that chalk.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
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In Vitruvius Ten Books on Architecture, soft ground is staked with piles of charred olive wood and the intervals filled in with charcoal before the foundations are laid.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Olive is historically related to Cypress.
In Vitruvius Ten Books on Architecture, vaulting ties that neither decay nor dampness can spoil may be box, juniper, olive, oak, or cypress.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Olive is historically related to Vine.
In Twining Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, plate 87 treats the vine with palm and cypress, and plate 88 continues with the palm and the olive as vegetable symbols.
from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)
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Olive is historically related to Lily.
In Twining Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, the olive tree plate sits beside the lily flower plate among early Christian vegetable emblems.
from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)
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Olive is historically related to Cinnamon.
In Ure’s Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, cinnamon shades on maddered cottons are finished with an olive cast from iron liquor in a fustic bath.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
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Olive is historically related to Fig.
In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, Samaria’s terraced hills are sown with grain and planted with fig and olive trees through the valley.
from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)
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Olive is historically related to Wine.
In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, Tyrian merchants exchange imported corn and rice for the produce of the olive ground and the vineyard among Israelite flocks and herds.
from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)
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Olive is historically related to Lemon.
In Beeton’s Book of Household Management, a pomatum mixes olive-oil with spermaceti, essential oil of almonds, and essence of lemon before storing in jars.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
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Olive is historically related to Cassia.
In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, the holy anointing unguent compounds myrrh, sweet cinnamon, sweet calamus, and cassia mixed with oil olive for priests and the tabernacle.
from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)
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Olive is historically related to Camphor.
In Buchan’s Domestic Medicine, white camphorated ointment adds camphor rubbed with a little oil to a melted base of olive oil, white wax, and sperma-ceti.
from William Buchan · Domestic Medicine, 1791 (12th ed.; Gutenberg #74359)
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Olive is historically related to Myrrh.
In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, the holy anointing unguent compounds myrrh with sweet cinnamon, sweet calamus, and cassia mixed in oil olive for priests and the tabernacle.
from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)
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Dove is associated with Olive.
In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediæval Christian Art, a monogram sits in a wreath of olive for glory, victory, and peace, and the Dove as the emblem of peace sits on the Monogram — the dove shares that olive peace reading.
from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)
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Crown is historically related to Olive.
In Twining’s Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediæval Christian Art, the monogram is enclosed in a wreath or crown of olive conveying glory, victory, and peace — the crown is formed of that olive.
from Louisa Twining · Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art, 1852 (new ed. 1885)
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Box is historically related to Olive.
In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, vaulting ties that neither decay nor dampness can spoil are named as box, juniper, olive, oak, or cypress.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Juniper is historically related to Olive.
In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, the same damp-proof vaulting ties list juniper with olive among box, oak, and cypress.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Alder is historically related to Olive.
In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, soft marsh bottoms are set with piles of charred alder or olive wood before the intervals are filled with charcoal.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Myrtle is historically related to Olive.
In Watson’s Biblical and Theological Dictionary, Nehemiah directs the people to fetch olive branches with pine and myrtle branches to make booths for the feast of tabernacles.
from Richard Watson · A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, 1831–32 (Gutenberg #53884)
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Oak is historically related to Olive.
In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, soft marsh bottoms are set with piles of charred alder, olive wood, or oak before charcoal fills the intervals.
from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914
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Litharge is historically related to Olive.
In Dunglison’s Medical Lexicon, Emplastrum Diapalma is a plaster of equal parts of litharge, olive oil, axunge, and water with sulphate of zinc and white wax, and with more olive oil it becomes a cerate.
from Robley Dunglison · Medical Lexicon, 1874 (and earlier PD eds.)
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Zinc is historically related to Olive.
In Dunglison’s Medical Lexicon, Emplastrum Diapalma mixes litharge and olive oil with sulphate of zinc dissolved in water and white wax; mixed with a quarter of its weight of olive oil it forms the cerate of Diapalma.
from Robley Dunglison · Medical Lexicon, 1874 (and earlier PD eds.)
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sources
- Description of Greece · Pausanias
Pausanias, Description of Greece.
- The Qur’an · M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translation)
M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, The Qur’an (Oxford).
- Aeneid · Virgil
Virgil, Aeneid.
- The English Physician · Nicholas Culpeper
Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician (Complete Herbal).
- Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art · Louisa Twining
Louisa Twining, Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art.
- Medical Lexicon · Robley Dunglison
Robley Dunglison, Medical Lexicon (Dictionary of Medical Science).
- Domestic Medicine · William Buchan
William Buchan, Domestic Medicine (12th ed., 1791).
- A Biblical and Theological Dictionary · Richard Watson
Richard Watson, A Biblical and Theological Dictionary.
- Book of Household Management · Isabella Beeton
Isabella Beeton, Beeton’s Book of Household Management (1861).
- De Architectura · Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation)
Vitruvius, The Ten Books on Architecture, trans. Morris Hicky Morgan (1914).
- Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines · Andrew Ure
Andrew Ure, A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines.
- Histories · Herodotus
Herodotus, Histories.
- Greek Religion · Walter Burkert
Walter Burkert, Greek Religion.