Source citation ledger
Iliad
Homer
translation · c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
Homer, Iliad.
These are separate Atlas meetings that cite this source. Citation is not proof.
Hellenic religion
Athena is glaukōpis in Homer, and later Athenian art gives her the owl. The epithet is a glance; the bird on coins is a civic sign, not a pan-European wisdom mascot.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form); Anonymous (Homeric hymn) · Homeric Hymn to Athena, c. 7th–5th century BCE; Walter Burkert · Greek Religion, 1977 German; 1985 English
sacred to · sourced · documented
Athena is associated with Owl.
The same pairing read from the goddess. Burkert treats the owl as one of Athena’s animals in cult and image, not as a death-omen of later folklore.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form); Walter Burkert · Greek Religion, 1977 German; 1985 English
associated with · sourced · documented
Athena is associated with Knowledge.
Athena’s counsel is craft and civic intelligence in Greek sources. Later “goddess of wisdom” posters flatten that craft into a motto.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form); Anonymous (Homeric hymn) · Homeric Hymn to Athena, c. 7th–5th century BCE
associated with · sourced · documented
Athenian coins and the city’s goddess share the owl. Civic sign, not a death-cry.
from Walter Burkert · Greek Religion, 1977 German; 1985 English; Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
appears in · sourced · documented
Ambrosia appears in Hellenic religion.
The Iliad uses ambrosia as the gods’ food and as anointing stuff on the bodies of gods and the dead. Homeric divine fare, not a later perfume slogan.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
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Aegis appears in Hellenic religion.
The Iliad attests Athena’s aegis as a goat-skin or shield-device shaken in battle. Homeric divine gear, not every later shield and not unpublished Medusa as a second being.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
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Olympus appears in Hellenic religion.
The Iliad attests Olympus as the seat of the gods, a mountain-court of Homeric speech. Greek poetic geography, not Asgard and not the geographic peak as a hiking address.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
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Poseidon's trident appears in Hellenic religion.
The Iliad has Poseidon hold the trident when the Achaean wall is to be unmade. Hellenic epic’s three-prong, not Trishula and not a fisherman’s fork.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
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Kynee appears in Hellenic religion.
The Iliad has Athena put on the cap of Hades, the kynee, so that Ares cannot see her. A named cap of darkness in that epic, not a generic helmet.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
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Shield of Achilles appears in Hellenic religion.
Iliad 18 has Hephaestus work Achilles’ shield as a world of cities, dance, and sky. A named Homeric panoply, not the aegis Athena shakes and not the generic shield node.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
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Scepter of Agamemnon appears in Hellenic religion.
Iliad 2 traces Agamemnon’s ancestral sceptre from Hephaestus through the Argive kings. A named Homeric staff of office, not a was-sceptre and not a generic staff.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
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Spear of Achilles appears in Hellenic religion.
The Iliad names Achilles’ Pelian ash spear, which only he can wield. A named Homeric shaft, not the Shield of Achilles, not Gáe Bulg, and not a generic spear.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
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Gorgoneion appears in Hellenic religion.
The Iliad sets the Gorgon’s head on Athena’s aegis as a named facing-device. A named Homeric apotropaic face, not the aegis itself and not Medusa as a being-dump.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
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Cestus of Aphrodite appears in Hellenic religion.
Iliad 14 has Hera borrow Aphrodite’s embroidered strap, the cestus, to beguile Zeus. A named Homeric girdle, not Megingjörð and not a generic necklace.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
appears in · sourced · documented
The Iliad has Athena shake the aegis in battle. A named goat-skin or shield-device of that goddess, not every later shield, and not Minerva as a flatten.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
sacred to · sourced · documented
Gorgoneion is sacred to Athena.
The Iliad sets the Gorgon face on Athena’s battle-gear. A named face-sign of that goddess, not the aegis as a whole, and not unpublished Medusa as a second being.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
sacred to · sourced · documented
Nestor cup appears in Hellenic religion.
Iliad 11 describes Nestor’s cup as a gold vessel with dove-handles that the old man of Pylos lifts in the Achaean camp. A named Homeric cup in that poem, not Nestor the elder as identity, and not a later kiddush cup.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
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Nestor appears in Hellenic religion.
The Iliad sets Nestor of Pylos among the Achaean elders of counsel. A named Homeric figure in that poem, not Nestor’s cup as identity, and not Homer the poet.
from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)
appears in · sourced · documented