Ash

Norse tradition

• Ash appears in Norse tradition.

  Snorri’s Gylfaginning names the ash that is Yggdrasil, the world-tree of that cosmology. A named plant kind in that prose, not yggdrasil as the named tree already walked and not a generic spear-wood dump.

  from Snorri Sturluson · Gylfaginning, c. 1220

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• Ash is used in Medicine.

  Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica lists ash (melia) leaves and keys among heating and diuretic drugs. A named ash tree in that handbook, not Yggdrasil as a world-tree flatten and not ash the burned residue element.

  from Pedanius Dioscorides · De Materia Medica, 1st century CE

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• Ash is historically related to Copper.

  In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, some miners employ ash twigs for copper when seeking to discover the veins with the forked rod — ash is used for that copper vein.

  from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912

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• Ash is historically related to Lime.

  In Vitruvius, after the charcoal fill, a mortar mixed of gravel, lime, and ashes is spread on to a depth of half a foot — ash is mixed with that lime.

  from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914

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• Ash is historically related to Charcoal.

  In Vitruvius, after charcoal is filled in and trodden down, a mortar of gravel, lime, and ashes is spread for the black pavement — ash is laid over that charcoal.

  from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914

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• Ash is historically related to Wine.

  In Culpeper’s English Physician, bark of the ash-tree may be laid to steep in white wine for the rickets — ash bark is steeped in that wine.

  from Nicholas Culpeper · The English Physician, 1652 (and later PD editions)

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• Ash is historically related to Alum.

  In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, a second parting composition mixes equal librae of orpiment, vitriol, lime, alum, and dyer’s ash with verdigris and stibium.

  from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912

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• Ash is historically related to Vitriol.

  In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, that same second composition sets dyer’s ash beside vitriol among the equal-libra ingredients of the parting powder.

  from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912

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• Ash is historically related to Silver.

  In Theophilus’s Divers Arts, black sweepings from refining are gathered upon a cup made from bone and ash, lead is added, and the mass is burned so that the silver may be recovered.

  from Theophilus Presbyter · On Divers Arts, c. early 12th century

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• Ash is historically related to Niello.

  In Theophilus’s Divers Arts, black kept from refining is gathered on a cup of bone and ash; if kept for the service of niello, copper and lead are added before burning and mixed with sulphur.

  from Theophilus Presbyter · On Divers Arts, c. early 12th century

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• Cupel is associated with Ash.

  In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, if stibium is not first melted in an earthen crucible before it is melted in the cupel, part of the silver is consumed and absorbed by the ash and powder of which the cupel is made — the cupel is made with that ash.

  from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912

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• Fern is historically related to Ash.

  In Ure’s Dictionary, cupels are formed from moistened bone ashes mixed with fern ashes beat down in the test-frame — fern yields that ash for the cupel.

  from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)

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• Bone is historically related to Ash.

  In Ure’s Dictionary, cupels are formed from moistened bone ashes mixed with fern ashes, the bone ash a fraction of the bulk — bone is prepared as that ash.

  from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)

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• Mortar is historically related to Ash.

  In Vitruvius, after charcoal is trodden into a dining-room floor pack, a mortar mixed of gravel, lime, and ashes is spread on to half a foot for the black pavement — mortar is compounded with that ash.

  from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914

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• Beech is historically related to Ash.

  In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, cupel material is especially suitable if it is the ash of beech wood or other slow-grown wood — beech is burned down into that ash for the cupels.

  from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912

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• Litharge is historically related to Ash.

  In Agricola De Re Metallica, assayers who lack litharge substitute lead ash made by throwing sulphur into melted lead until the metal turns to powder.

  from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912

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• Lute is historically related to Ash.

  In Agricola’s De Re Metallica, the parting artificer sprinkles a little ash into the lute on the morning of the two-day shift before charcoal is charged.

  from Georgius Agricola; Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover (translation) · De Re Metallica, 1556 Latin; Hoover English 1912

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• Gravel is historically related to Ash.

  In Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture, after charcoal is trodden down, a mortar mixed of gravel, lime, and ashes is spread half a foot deep and smoothed to look like a black pavement.

  from Vitruvius; Morris Hicky Morgan (translation) · De Architectura, 1st century BCE; Morgan English 1914

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Roman religion

• Ash appears in Roman religion.

  Pliny’s Natural History seats ash among spear-wood and timber trees. A named ash in that encyclopedia, not the Norse world-tree ash already walked and not elm as the vineyard tree already walked here.

  from Pliny the Elder · Natural History, c. 77 CE

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Hellenic religion

• Ash appears in Hellenic religion.

  The Iliad binds the Pelian ash spear and other ash shafts among heroic gear. A named ash-wood in that epic, not spear-of-Achilles as the named weapon already walked and not oak as the simile tree.

  from Homer · Iliad, c. 8th–7th century BCE (this form)

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Alchemy

• Caput mortuum is historically related to Ash.

  Ruland’s Lexicon seats Caput Mortuum as feces / death’s-head residuum left after distillation or sublimation — the earthy remainder of the work. A named caput-mortuum in that residuum speech, not colcothar as fixed vitriol alone, and not a skull emblem dump.

  from Martin Ruland the Elder · Lexicon Alchemiae, 1612

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