tradition

European folklore

Traditions

A loose family of popular beliefs and stories across Europe, not a single doctrine.

Also known as folk belief

Meetings in this tradition's context

object · 416

Charm is associated with Luck.
A worn or spoken charm is often a bid to court or fend luck. Folk speech stores the two together; a temple oracle is another institution.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Charm is associated with Eye.
Mediterranean and later European charms against a blighting glance are one local use of a small made thing. They are not the wedjat.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Violin is historically related to Lyre.
Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians seats the violin among the principal bowed chordophones of European practice, treating it in the long string-instrument history that also carries the lyre. A named violin in that music-dictionary frame, not a lyre alone and not a rebec as the medieval bowed cousin.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Viola is historically related to Lyre.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the viola as the alto bowed string of later European ensembles within the same chordophone history that names the lyre. A named viola in that music-dictionary frame, not a violin alone and not a viola-da-gamba.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cello is historically related to Lyre.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the violoncello among bass bowed chordophones of European practice beside the older lyre string lineage. A named cello in that music-dictionary frame, not a double-bass alone and not a viola-da-gamba.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Double bass is historically related to Lyre.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the double bass among the deepest bowed chordophones of European ensembles in the string history that also carries the lyre. A named double-bass in that music-dictionary frame, not a cello alone and not a violone dump.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lute is historically related to Harp.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the lute among fretted plucked chordophones of European art music, keeping it in the plucked-string neighborhood that also names the harp. A named lute in that music-dictionary frame, not a harp alone and not a guitar as the later fretted cousin.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Theorbo is historically related to Harp.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the theorbo as the extended-neck bass lute of continuo practice among plucked chordophones beside the harp. A named theorbo in that music-dictionary frame, not a lute alone and not an archlute twin flatten.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Vihuela is historically related to Harp.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the vihuela among Iberian fretted plucked instruments of Renaissance practice beside other European plucked chordophones including the harp. A named vihuela in that music-dictionary frame, not a guitar alone and not a lute flatten.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Psaltery is historically related to Harp.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the psaltery among box-zither and open-string plucked instruments historically neighbor to the harp in European and biblical instrument speech. A named psaltery in that music-dictionary frame, not a harp alone and not a dulcimer struck-string flatten.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Rebec is historically related to Lyre.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the rebec as a medieval bowed pear-shaped chordophone in the bowed-string history that also carries the lyre and later violin family. A named rebec in that music-dictionary frame, not a violin alone and not a vielle.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Vielle is historically related to Lyre.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the vielle (medieval fiddle) among bowed chordophones of medieval European practice in the string lineage that also names the lyre. A named vielle in that music-dictionary frame, not a rebec alone and not a modern violin dump.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Harmonium is historically related to Pipe organ.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the harmonium among free-reed keyboard organs used as domestic and chapel substitutes in the organ neighborhood of the pipe-organ. A named harmonium in that music-dictionary frame, not a pipe-organ windchest alone and not an accordion bellows folk box.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
French horn is historically related to Hunting horn.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the French horn (Waldhorn) as the orchestral coiled horn developed from the hunting-horn call. A named french-horn in that music-dictionary reception, not a hunting-horn field call alone and not a post-horn coach signal.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Post horn is historically related to Hunting horn.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the post-horn among small coiled brass signal horns beside the hunting-horn family of European call practice. A named post-horn in that music-dictionary frame, not a hunting-horn alone and not a french-horn orchestra form.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bugle is historically related to Hunting horn.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the bugle among conical signal brasses of military and related European call practice beside the hunting-horn family. A named bugle in that music-dictionary frame, not a natural-trumpet and not an elk-bugle hunt call toy.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Musical serpent is used in Monastery.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the serpent among S-curved wooden bass lip-reeds of church and band practice, including monastic and parish bass support beside the organ. A named musical-serpent in that church-music use, not the animal serpent being and not an ophicleide alone.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Timpani is historically related to Drum.
Grove’s Dictionary seats timpani (kettledrums) among tuned orchestral drums in the drum family of European practice. A named timpani in that music-dictionary frame, not a snare-drum and not a tabor folk drum alone.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Snare drum is historically related to Drum.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the side / snare drum among military and orchestral drums with snares in the drum family. A named snare-drum in that music-dictionary frame, not timpani and not a cable-snare trap.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Tabor is historically related to Drum.
Grove’s Dictionary seats the tabor among small folk and pipe-and-tabor drums of European practice in the drum family. A named tabor in that music-dictionary frame, not a snare-drum alone and not a bodhran.
from George Grove (editor) · Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1879–1889 (early editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Saucepan is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the saucepan among the copper and iron pans of the Victorian kitchen batterie — the daily boiling and stewing vessel of household cookery. A named saucepan in that domestic cookery frame, not a cauldron alone and not a frying-pan.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Frying pan is used in Hearth.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the frying-pan among open-fire and range pans for frying and sauté in household cookery. A named frying-pan in that hearth cookery frame, not a griddle alone and not a wok.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Stockpot is historically related to Cauldron.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the deep stock-pot among broth and stock vessels that continue the long boil-vessel lineage the Atlas already names as cauldron. A named stockpot in that cookery frame, not a soup tureen at table and not a cauldron dump alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
historically related to · sourced · documented
Dutch oven is used in Hearth.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats covered iron baking and stewing pots among hearth and range cookery — the household dutch-oven neighborhood of pot-roasting and baking beside the fire. A named dutch-oven in that hearth frame, not a casserole dish alone and not an earth-oven.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Griddle is used in Fire.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the flat iron griddle (girdle) among cakes and breads cooked on a hot plate over fire. A named griddle in that fire cookery frame, not a comal and not a frying-pan dump alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Gridiron is used in Fire.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the barred gridiron among meat grilled over clear coals in household cookery. A named gridiron in that fire cookery frame, not a trivet alone and not a modern barbecue brand.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Colander is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the colander among kitchen draining bowls for boiled vegetables and pasta of household cookery. A named colander in that kitchen frame, not a fine chinois alone and not a mixing-bowl.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Chafing dish is used in Flame.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the chafing-dish among table vessels kept hot by a spirit flame or hot water for service. A named chafing-dish in that flame-heated service frame, not a bed warming-pan and not a bain-marie alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Bain-marie is used in Water.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the bain-marie among gentle hot-water baths for sauces, custards, and delicate heating in household cookery. A named bain-marie in that water-bath frame, not a crucible and not a bare cauldron dump.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Casserole is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the casserole among deep oven dishes for stews and baked entries of household cookery. A named casserole in that kitchen frame, not a dutch-oven of cast iron alone and not a soup tureen.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Sauteuse is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats French sauté pans among the sloping-sided pans of household cookery for tossing and reducing. A named sauteuse in that kitchen frame, not a frying-pan dump alone and not a braiser.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Braiser is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats braising pans among wide lidded vessels for slow moist cookery in the household kitchen. A named braiser in that kitchen frame, not a dutch-oven alone and not a sauteuse.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Terrine is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the terrine among dishes for pâtés and forced meats of household cookery. A named terrine in that kitchen frame, not a soup tureen and not a casserole dump alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Warming pan is used in Hearth.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the warming-pan among brass or copper pans filled from the hearth to warm beds in household economy. A named warming-pan in that hearth-domestic frame, not a chafing-dish at table and not a hot-water bottle alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Cooking trammel is used in Hearth.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats adjustable pot-hangers and trammels among hearth gear that suspends pots at chosen height over the fire. A named cooking-trammel in that hearth frame, not a fireplace-crane alone and not a fishing trammel-net.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Pot hook is used in Hearth.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats pot-hooks among S-hooks and hangers that hold kettles and pots from the hearth crane or trammel. A named pot-hook in that hearth frame, not a meat-hook alone and not a fireplace-crane.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Spit jack is historically related to Spit.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats bottle-jacks and roasting-jacks among clockwork or weight engines that turn the roasting spit before the fire. A named spit-jack in that spit-turning frame, not the spit rod alone and not a turnspit dog-wheel dump.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
historically related to · sourced · documented
Turnspit is historically related to Spit.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats turnspit gear among the turning of meat on the spit in household roasting — dog-wheel and later jack neighborhoods of the same spit craft. A named turnspit in that spit frame, not a spit-jack mechanism alone and not a poker.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
historically related to · sourced · documented
Trivet is used in Hearth.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the trivet among three-legged stands that hold pans and kettles over hearth coals or beside the grate. A named trivet in that hearth frame, not a gridiron alone and not a spider-skillet.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Fireplace crane is used in Hearth.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the swinging fireplace crane among hearth ironwork that carries pots into and out of the fire. A named fireplace-crane in that hearth frame, not a well-crane and not a cooking-trammel alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Ash pan is used in Hearth.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the ash-pan among grate fittings that catch ash under the household fire. A named ash-pan in that hearth frame, not a dust-pan alone and not a warming-pan.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Hearth fender is used in Hearth.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the fender among low guards before the hearth that keep coals and ash from the carpet. A named hearth-fender in that hearth frame, not a fire-screen alone and not a bumper fender of a ship.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Fire tongs is used in Fire.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats fire-tongs among the fire-irons used to rearrange coals and lift burning fuel. A named fire-tongs in that fire frame, not smith’s tongs and not curling-tongs.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Fire shovel is used in Hearth.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the fire-shovel among fire-irons for lifting ash and coals at the household hearth. A named fire-shovel in that hearth frame, not a garden spade and not fire-tongs alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Poker is used in Fire.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the poker among fire-irons for stirring and breaking the household fire. A named poker in that fire frame, not a spit and not a branding-iron.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Bread knife is used in Wheat.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the bread-knife among knives for slicing household loaves of wheat bread without crushing the crumb. A named bread-knife in that wheat-bread frame, not a tomato-knife and not a carving-knife dump alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Chef knife is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the cook’s broad kitchen knife among general chopping and slicing tools of household prep. A named chef-knife in that kitchen frame, not a cleaver and not a Japanese santoku.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Cleaver is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the heavy meat cleaver among butchery and kitchen chopping tools for bone and joint work. A named cleaver in that kitchen frame, not a chinese-cleaver and not a chef-knife alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Cutting board is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats chopping-boards among kitchen boards for cutting meat and vegetables in household prep. A named cutting-board in that kitchen frame, not a trencher plate alone and not a pastry-board dump.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Paring knife is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the short paring-knife among hand knives for peeling and detail prep in the household kitchen. A named paring-knife in that kitchen frame, not a petty-knife and not a tourne-knife alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Boning knife is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the boning-knife among narrow blades for separating meat from bone in household butchery and cookery. A named boning-knife in that kitchen frame, not a fillet-knife alone and not a butcher-knife dump.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Butcher knife is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the butcher’s knife among heavy blades for breaking down joints and carcasses for the household larder. A named butcher-knife in that kitchen frame, not a cleaver alone and not a chef-knife.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Oyster knife is used in Oyster.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the oyster-knife among short stout blades for opening oysters in household cookery and service. A named oyster-knife in that oyster frame, not oyster-tongs and not a fillet-knife.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Kitchen shears is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats strong kitchen scissors among tools for jointing poultry, snipping herbs, and general prep. A named kitchen-shears in that kitchen frame, not sheep-shears and not tailor shears.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Meat safe is used in Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the meat-safe among ventilated cupboards for keeping meat cool and fly-free beside the kitchen and larder. A named meat-safe in that kitchen-storage frame, not a pie-safe alone and not an icebox dump.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Teapot is used in Tea.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the teapot among vessels for brewing and pouring tea in English household service. A named teapot in that tea frame, not a coffee-pot and not a Japanese kyusu dump.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Coffee pot is used in Coffee.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the coffee-pot among vessels for making and serving coffee at the household table. A named coffee-pot in that coffee frame, not a teapot and not a cezve alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Tea caddy is used in Tea.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the locked tea-caddy among English household boxes for storing tea leaves under the mistress’s key. A named tea-caddy in that tea frame, not a tea-chest shipping crate and not a Japanese natsume.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Salt cellar is used in Salt.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the salt-cellar among open or covered dishes that hold salt at the household table. A named salt-cellar in that salt-service frame, not a pepper-mill and not a cruet alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Cruet is used in Vinegar.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats cruets among small bottles for oil and vinegar (and kindred condiments) at the household table. A named cruet in that vinegar-and-oil frame, not a salt-cellar and not a decanter.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Decanter is used in Glass.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the stoppered glass decanter among table glass for wine and spirits in household service. A named decanter in that glass-tableware frame, not a carafe alone and not a flagon.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Tureen is used in Hospitality.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the soup tureen among deep lidded bowls that open the household dinner service. A named tureen in that hospitality-service frame, not a terrine of pâté and not a casserole.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Gravy boat is used in Hospitality.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the gravy-boat among sauce vessels of household table service. A named gravy-boat in that hospitality frame, not a creamer and not an ewer.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Creamer is used in Tea.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the cream-jug among tea-service vessels for cream or milk with tea and coffee. A named creamer in that tea-service frame, not a gravy-boat and not a sugar-bowl.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Sugar bowl is used in Tea.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the sugar-basin among tea-service vessels that hold sugar for the table. A named sugar-bowl in that tea-service frame, not a salt-cellar and not a creamer.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Saucer is used in Tea.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the saucer among cup-and-saucer sets of tea and coffee service in the household. A named saucer in that tea-service frame, not a paten and not a platter.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Carafe is used in Water.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the carafe among open-necked table vessels for water (and sometimes wine) at household meals. A named carafe in that water-service frame, not a stoppered decanter and not a pitcher dump alone.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Sideboard is used in Hospitality.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the sideboard among dining-room cases for serving and storing plate and linen in household hospitality. A named sideboard in that hospitality frame, not a cellarette alone and not a kitchen dresser dump.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
used in · sourced · documented
Velvet is historically related to Silk.
Beck’s Draper’s Dictionary seats velvet among cut-pile silk dress goods of the draper’s counter, keeping the pile cloth in the silk neighborhood rather than as plain woven silk alone. A named velvet in that drapery trade, not plush as the longer pile cousin and not cotton velveteen as the later pile imitation.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Damask is historically related to Linen.
Beck’s Dictionary seats damask among figured table and dress cloths whose European drapery speech centers linen (and silk) Jacquard-figured goods. A named damask in that drapery trade, not brocade as the raised-figure cousin and not a bare pattern-form dump.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Muslin is historically related to Cotton.
Beck’s Dictionary seats muslin among plain light cotton goods of the draper’s India and Manchester speech. A named muslin in that drapery trade, not calico as the printed cotton cousin and not gauze as the open silk/linen neighbor.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Boat shuttle is historically related to Shuttle.
Beck’s Dictionary seats the boat shuttle among weaver’s throwing tools that carry weft through the shed, a hand-loom form beside the generic shuttle. A named boat-shuttle in that drapery/weaving trade, not flying-shuttle as Knight’s powered throwing machine and not stick-shuttle as the flat hand cousin.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Stick shuttle is historically related to Shuttle.
Beck’s Dictionary seats stick and flat shuttles among hand weft-carriers of the loom beside the boat form. A named stick-shuttle in that drapery/weaving trade, not boat-shuttle as the hollow form and not flying-shuttle as the powered machine.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bobbin is historically related to Spindle.
Beck’s Dictionary seats the bobbin among yarn-winding packages of spinning and weaving furniture in the spindle neighborhood of drapery trade speech. A named bobbin in that drapery trade, not pirn as the weft package alone and not a bare spool dump.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Floor loom is historically related to Handloom.
Beck’s Dictionary seats the floor loom among treadle hand-weaving frames of drapery and domestic cloth speech, continuous with handloom practice. A named floor-loom in that drapery trade, not power-loom as Knight’s machine seat and not frame-loom as the tabletop cousin.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Frame loom is historically related to Handloom.
Beck’s Dictionary seats frame looms among small hand-weaving frames of sample and domestic work beside the handloom. A named frame-loom in that drapery trade, not floor-loom as the treadle standing form and not pin-loom as the tiny square frame.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Ground loom is historically related to Handloom.
Beck’s Dictionary seats ground and horizontal earth-anchored looms among early and regional hand-weaving forms continuous with handloom speech. A named ground-loom in that drapery trade, not vertical-loom as the upright warp-weighted cousin and not power-loom as the machine.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Vertical loom is historically related to Loom.
Beck’s Dictionary seats vertical and high-warp looms among upright weaving frames of tapestry and classical speech under the loom. A named vertical-loom in that drapery trade, not ground-loom as the horizontal form and not tapestry-loom as the figured high-warp specialty alone.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Tapestry loom is historically related to Loom.
Beck’s Dictionary seats the tapestry loom among high-warp and low-warp frames for figured wall and furniture cloths under loom speech. A named tapestry-loom in that drapery trade, not jacquard-loom as Knight’s figured machine and not vertical-loom as the generic upright alone.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Inkle loom is historically related to Handloom.
Beck’s Dictionary seats inkle among narrow tape and braid looms of domestic and trade band-weaving beside the handloom. A named inkle-loom in that drapery trade, not pin-loom as the tiny square frame and not floor-loom as the wide treadle loom.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pin loom is historically related to Handloom.
Beck’s Dictionary neighborhood of small frame looms seats pin looms among tiny pinned squares for sample and patch weaving under handloom speech. A named pin-loom in that drapery trade, not inkle-loom as the narrow band loom and not frame-loom as the larger rectangular frame.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Rigid-heddle loom is historically related to Heddle.
Beck’s Dictionary seats rigid-heddle weaving among simple shed devices where a slotted heddle both raises and spaces the warp. A named rigid-heddle-loom in that drapery trade, not floor-loom as the multi-shaft treadle and not heddle as the string or wire eye alone.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Warping board is used in Loom.
Beck’s Dictionary seats the warping board among hand tools that measure and order warp before it is beamed to the loom. A named warping-board in that drapery/weaving trade, not warping-mill as the larger revolving frame and not the loom itself.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
used in · sourced · documented
Cloth temple is used in Loom.
Beck’s Dictionary seats the temple among cloth-stretching devices that hold woven width at the fell of the loom. A named cloth-temple in that drapery/weaving trade, not a religious temple place and not the breast-beam alone.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
used in · sourced · documented
Raddle is used in Loom.
Beck’s Dictionary seats the raddle among toothed spreading bars that space warp ends while beaming to the loom. A named raddle in that drapery/weaving trade, not a reed as the beat-up comb alone and not a rake agricultural false friend.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
used in · sourced · documented
Weaving sword is used in Loom.
Beck’s Dictionary seats the weaving sword among flat beaters that pack weft on simple looms before or beside a reed. A named weaving-sword in that drapery/weaving trade, not a weapon sword and not the reed alone.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
used in · sourced · documented
Spinning wheel is historically related to Spindle.
Beck’s Dictionary seats the spinning wheel among domestic and trade wheels that drive a spindle to twist fiber into yarn. A named spinning-wheel in that drapery trade, not saxony-wheel as the flyer specialty alone and not drop-spindle as the hand-whorl cousin.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Thimble is used in Needle.
Beck’s Dictionary seats the thimble among sewing furniture that protects the finger while driving a needle through cloth. A named thimble in that drapery/sewing trade, not a drinking thimble measure dump and not the needle alone.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
used in · sourced · documented
Bodkin is used in Needle.
Beck’s Dictionary seats the bodkin among blunt large-eyed needles and tape-drawers of drapery and sewing furniture. A named bodkin in that drapery trade, not a dagger bodkin weapon and not a sharp sewing needle alone.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
used in · sourced · documented
Bowsprit is used in Mast.
Falconer’s Marine Dictionary seats the bowsprit as the spar projecting forward from the bow to carry headsails and stays in the standing rig. A named bowsprit in that ship-spar speech, not a mast stepped on deck and not a yard across a mast.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Capstan is used in Anchor.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the capstan as the vertical-axis drum turned by bars to haul heavy cable when weighing and working anchors. A named capstan in that warping speech, not a windlass on a horizontal barrel and not the anchor itself.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Sextant is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats reflecting altitude instruments among the tools for taking the sun or stars to work latitude and meridian distance at sea. A named sextant in that navigation speech, not an octant as the eighth-circle cousin and not a plain quadrant.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Lead line is used in Sea.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the lead-line as the marked cord cast with the sounding lead to read depth in fathoms under the ship. A named lead-line in that sounding speech, not the chip-log line for speed and not the sounding-lead weight alone.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Gaff is historically related to Harpoon.
Falconer’s Marine Dictionary and the published Atlas lemma seat gaff as the large hooked pole for lifting heavy fish aboard — shipboard fishing gear kin to the thrown harpoon, not the gaff-spar of a fore-and-aft sail. A named fishing gaff in that marine craft speech, not jib or lateen as sails and not harpoon as the same weapon.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Jib is used in Sail.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the jib as the triangular headsail set forward on the stay ahead of the foremast. A named jib in that sail speech, not the gaff-spar, not a lateen yard-sail, and not sail as an undifferentiated cloth dump.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Tiller is used in Rudder.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the tiller as the lever arm fitted to the rudder-stock for hand steering. A named tiller in that steering speech, not the helm as the whole steering station, not the wheel, and not the rudder blade alone.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Binnacle is used in Lantern.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the binnacle (bittacle) as the housing that holds the steering compass and its night lamps so the card can be read on deck. A named binnacle in that compass-housing speech, not the magnetic compass alone and not a bare cabinet.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Cleat is used in Hawser.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the cleat as the horned fitting for belaying rope and lighter hawsers on deck or quay. A named cleat in that belaying speech, not a bollard as the thick mooring post and not bitts as the paired posts.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Bollard is used in Hawser.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the bollard as the short thick post on quay or deck for making fast heavy mooring lines and hawsers. A named bollard in that mooring speech, not a cleat as the horned belay and not the harbor basin itself.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Kayak is used in Paddle.
Falconer’s Marine Dictionary can gloss northern closed skin boats among small craft driven by paddle rather than oar or sail. A named kayak in that small-craft speech, not an umiak, not a canoe dump, and not a European ship’s boat.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · culturally specific
Seine is used in Sea.
Falconer’s Marine Dictionary seats the seine among surrounding nets worked from shore or boat to enclose fish in shallow water. A named seine in that marine fishing speech, not a gill-net wall and not a purse-seine dump alone.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Astrolabe is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s Dictionary still knows the mariner’s astrolabe among older altitude instruments for taking the sun toward latitude and meridian work before reflecting instruments displaced it. A named astrolabe in that navigation speech, not a sextant and not a cross-staff.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Quadrant is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the quadrant among quarter-circle altitude instruments for taking heavenly heights toward latitude and meridian reckoning. A named quadrant in that navigation speech, not Hadley’s reflecting quadrant alone and not a sextant.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Cross-staff is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the cross-staff (Jacob’s staff) as the sliding cross-piece instrument for taking altitudes toward latitude before backstaff and reflecting instruments. A named cross-staff in that navigation speech, not a backstaff and not a quadrant alone.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Backstaff is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the backstaff (Davis’s quadrant) as the back-sight altitude staff that keeps the sun behind the observer when working latitude. A named backstaff in that navigation speech, not a forward cross-staff and not a reflecting octant.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Octant is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the reflecting octant among mid-eighteenth-century altitude instruments for taking the sun and stars toward meridian altitude and latitude. A named octant in that navigation speech, not a sextant as the sixth-circle later form and not a plain quadrant.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Hammock is used in Sea.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the hammock as the hanging bed of the seaman slung aboard ship for sleep at sea. A named hammock in that shipboard speech, not a shore cradle and not a baby-hammock nursery dump.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Cutlass is historically related to Sword.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the cutlass as the short curved shipboard sword of boarding and deck work — a naval sword kin, not a land sabre dump and not sword as an undifferentiated blade. A named cutlass in that marine arms speech.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Marlinspike is used in Knot.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the marlinspike as the tapered iron spike for opening strands when splicing and working knots in rope. A named marlinspike in that ropework speech, not a wooden fid and not a harpoon.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Fid is used in Knot.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the fid as the tapered wooden spike for splicing and working rope and knots. A named fid in that ropework speech, not an iron marlinspike and not a bare stick dump.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Chip log is used in Knot.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the chip-log (log and line) as the wooden chip, knotted log-line, and glass used to estimate the ship’s speed in knots through the water. A named chip-log in that speed-speech, not a patent log and not the hourglass alone.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Figurehead is historically related to Oak.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the figurehead as the carved figure under the bowsprit — ship’s timber carving in the oak and carved-wood neighborhood of European hulls. A named figurehead in that bow-carving speech, not the bowsprit spar itself and not a shore statue dump.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Azimuth compass is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the azimuth compass as the compass with sights for taking the sun’s or a star’s azimuth to find variation from the meridian. A named azimuth-compass in that variation speech, not a plain steering compass alone and not azimuth as a bare sky concept.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Hadley’s quadrant is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats Hadley’s quadrant as the early reflecting altitude instrument of the mid-eighteenth-century navigator — ancestor speech for the octant — used for meridian altitudes. A named Hadley’s quadrant in that reflecting speech, not a plain quadrant and not a Davis backstaff.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Artificial horizon is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s reflecting-instrument neighborhood seats an artificial horizon (mercury or mirrored level) when the sea horizon is hidden, so altitude toward meridian work can still be taken. A named artificial-horizon in that altitude speech, not the sextant alone and not the skyline concept dump.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Junk is historically related to Sail.
Falconer’s Dictionary can gloss the Chinese junk among foreign sailing hulls with battened sails reported in European marine speech. A named junk in that sail-hull speech, not a dhow, not a sampan, and not a trash dump.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lateen sail is historically related to Sail.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the lateen as the triangular fore-and-aft sail set on a long yard — a named sail form in Mediterranean and eastern craft speech, not a jib on a stay and not a crab-claw sail.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sounding lead is used in Sea.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the sounding lead as the weighted lead cast to take depth, often cupped for bottom samples, hand or deep-sea. A named sounding-lead in that depth speech, not the marked lead-line alone and not mineral lead.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Spyglass is used in Sea.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the spyglass among hand telescopes for watching ships, shores, and signals at sea. A named spyglass in that marine watch speech, not a full astronomical telescope dump and not binoculars.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Nocturnal is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s instrument speech can seat the nocturnal as the star-clock for telling night hours from a guard star — timekeeping beside meridian and latitude work at sea. A named nocturnal in that night-instrument speech, not a sundial and not an astrolabe alone.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Magnetic compass is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the magnetic compass (mariner’s compass) as the needle direction-finder by which courses are steered and bearings referred toward the meridian, allowing for variation. A named magnetic-compass in that steering speech, not a drawing compass and not the binnacle housing alone.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Hourglass is used in Knot.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats sand-glasses among the half-minute and watch glasses run with the log-line when casting the chip-log for knots of speed, and for dividing the watch. A named hourglass in that shipboard timing speech, not a sundial and not the chip-log wood alone.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Cresset is historically related to Beacon.
Falconer’s harbor and coast speech can seat the cresset as the fixed iron fire-basket used as a beacon or signal light for shipping. A named cresset in that beacon-light speech, not a hand lantern alone and not a lighthouse tower as the whole station.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Felucca is historically related to Sail.
Falconer’s Dictionary can gloss the felucca among lateen-rigged Mediterranean and Nile craft reported to European mariners. A named felucca in that lateen-hull speech, not a dhow of the Indian Ocean and not a generic sailboat dump.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Dhow is historically related to Sail.
Falconer’s Dictionary can gloss the dhow among lateen-rigged trading vessels of the Indian Ocean and Red Sea reported in European marine speech. A named dhow in that sail-hull speech, not a Nile felucca and not a Chinese junk.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Proa is historically related to Sail.
Falconer’s Dictionary can gloss the proa among Pacific shunting outrigger sailing craft reported from voyaging accounts. A named proa in that sail-craft speech, not a plain outrigger-canoe and not a twin-hull catamaran.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Catamaran is historically related to Sail.
Falconer’s Dictionary can gloss the catamaran among twin-hull sailing craft of eastern seas reported to European mariners. A named catamaran in that sail-hull speech, not a proa and not a single outrigger-canoe.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Outrigger canoe is used in Paddle.
Falconer’s Dictionary can gloss outrigger canoes among Pacific and Indian Ocean small craft driven by paddle (and sometimes sail) with a lateral float. A named outrigger-canoe in that small-craft speech, not a shunting proa alone and not a twin-hull catamaran.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · culturally specific
Terrestrial globe is used in Meridian.
Falconer’s navigation teaching speech can seat the terrestrial globe for laying off courses and meridians when explaining rhumb sailing and latitude. A named terrestrial-globe in that chart-room speech, not a celestial globe alone and not an orrery.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
used in · sourced · documented
Close helmet is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the close-helmet among fully enclosing hinged-visor helms of later plate harness, keeping the form in the helmet neighborhood rather than as an open burgonet or Italian armet twin alone. A named close-helmet in that antient-armour speech, not a great-helm pot and not a morion comb crest.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bascinet is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the bascinet among pointed open and visored helms of later medieval harness. A named bascinet in that antient-armour speech, not a great-helm enclosure, not a sallet tail, and not an armet hinge suite.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Burgonet is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the burgonet among open peaked helms with cheekpieces of later sixteenth-century field and parade use. A named burgonet in that antient-armour speech, not a close-helmet enclosure and not a morion comb alone.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sallet is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the sallet among flared rear-tailed helms of later fifteenth-century harness, often worn with a bevor. A named sallet in that antient-armour speech, not a bascinet point and not a morion crest.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Armet is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the armet among close-fitting hinged Italian and European helms of later plate harness. A named armet in that antient-armour speech, not a bascinet, not a sallet, and not a close-helmet English twin flatten alone.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Morion is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the morion among comb-crested open helms of later sixteenth-century infantry and parade. A named morion in that antient-armour speech, not a cabasset almond bowl and not a sallet tail.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cabasset is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the cabasset among almond-shaped open infantry helms of later sixteenth-century practice, often Spanish. A named cabasset in that antient-armour speech, not a morion with tall comb and not a pickelhaube dump.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Barbute is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the barbute among open-faced Italian helms with T or Y cheek cut of later fifteenth-century practice. A named barbute in that antient-armour speech, not a sallet, not a close-helmet, and not a bascinet twin flatten.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Nasal helm is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the nasal helm among conical early-medieval helms with a nose-guard. A named nasal-helm in that antient-armour speech, not a great-helm enclosure, not a spangenhelm band construction alone, and not a bascinet.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Great helm is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the great helm among fully enclosing cylindrical helms of later high-medieval practice. A named great-helm in that antient-armour speech, not a nasal-helm, not a bascinet, and not a frog-mouth joust form alone.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Kettle hat is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the kettle-hat (chapel-de-fer) among wide-brimmed iron war-hats of later medieval infantry. A named kettle-hat in that antient-armour speech, not a great-helm enclosure and not a burgonet cheekpiece form.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Spangenhelm is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the spangenhelm among early segmented helms of metal bands joining plates or a bowl. A named spangenhelm in that antient-armour speech, not a nasal-helm as nose-guard alone and not a great-helm pot.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Frog-mouth helm is historically related to Helmet.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the frog-mouth helm among heavy jousting helms with a horizontal vision slit. A named frog-mouth-helm in that antient-armour speech, not a great-helm field form alone and not a close-helmet parade visor.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sabaton is historically related to Steel.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the sabaton among articulated steel foot defences of later plate harness. A named sabaton in that antient-armour speech, not a greave shin plate alone and not soft shoe leather.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Vambrace is historically related to Steel.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the vambrace among steel forearm plates of later harness. A named vambrace in that antient-armour speech, not a pauldron shoulder and not a gauntlet hand alone.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pauldron is historically related to Steel.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the pauldron among steel shoulder defences of later plate harness. A named pauldron in that antient-armour speech, not a vambrace forearm and not a spaulder small-plate twin alone.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Plackart is historically related to Breastplate.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the plackart among reinforcing steel plates fitted over the breast of later harness. A named plackart in that antient-armour speech, not a full breastplate alone and not a tasset thigh hang.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Tasset is historically related to Steel.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the tasset among hanging steel thigh plates of later harness. A named tasset in that antient-armour speech, not a cuisse full thigh and not a fauld skirt alone.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Gorget is historically related to Steel.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the gorget among steel throat collars of later harness. A named gorget in that antient-armour speech, not a bevor chin plate alone and not a shell-gorget ornament dump.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bevor is historically related to Steel.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the bevor among steel chin and lower-face plates worn with sallet and kindred open helms. A named bevor in that antient-armour speech, not a gorget throat collar alone and not a full close-helmet face.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Gambeson is historically related to Leather.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the gambeson among quilted soft defences worn under or instead of plate, in the soft-armour neighborhood with leather and padded coats. A named gambeson in that antient-armour speech, not a brigandine plate-jacket and not an aketon under-name twin alone.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Aketon is historically related to Leather.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the aketon among quilted under-coats of soft defence beneath mail or plate. A named aketon in that antient-armour speech, not a gambeson as the fuller padded jacket alone and not a brigandine.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Brigandine is historically related to Steel.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the brigandine among cloth jackets lined with small steel plates. A named brigandine in that antient-armour speech, not a coat-of-plates larger-plate cousin alone, not a hauberk of rings, and not a gambeson without plates.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Coat of plates is historically related to Steel.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the coat-of-plates among torso defences of larger plates riveted inside a garment. A named coat-of-plates in that antient-armour speech, not a brigandine of small scales alone and not a solid breastplate.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Mail armor is historically related to Mail.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats mail armour among defences of interlinked iron rings — the class speech of European mail. A named mail-armor in that antient-armour speech, not a hauberk as one shirt form alone and not a brigandine of plates.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Mail coif is historically related to Mail.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the mail coif among hoods of interlinked rings worn under or with the helm. A named mail-coif in that antient-armour speech, not an aventail hanging curtain alone and not a solid steel helmet.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Aventail is historically related to Mail.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the aventail among mail curtains hung from the bascinet or kindred helm to guard the throat. A named aventail in that antient-armour speech, not a separate mail-coif hood alone and not a steel gorget.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Hunting breastplate is historically related to Breastplate.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats hunting breastplates among lighter torso plates of sport and field dress beside war breastplates. A named hunting-breastplate in that antient-armour speech, not a full war cuirass alone and not a plackart reinforce dump.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pike is historically related to Spear.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the pike among long infantry spears of later European foot, the pike-square neighborhood. A named pike in that antient-armour and arms speech, not a halberd axe-head, not a poleaxe, and not a short spear alone.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Halberd is historically related to Axe.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the halberd among polearms combining axe blade, spike, and beak. A named halberd in that antient-armour speech, not a poleaxe knightly form alone, not a glaive blade-on-shaft, and not a bare pike.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Poleaxe is historically related to Axe.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the poleaxe among knightly pollaxe forms of axe, hammer, and spike on a short staff for foot combat in harness. A named poleaxe in that antient-armour speech, not a halberd infantry cousin alone and not a glaive or pike.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Glaive is historically related to Spear.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the glaive among single-edged blades fixed on a long staff in the spear and polearm neighborhood. A named glaive in that antient-armour speech, not a halberd axe-head, not a poleaxe, and not a bare pike.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bardiche is historically related to Axe.
Meyrick’s Inquiry can seat the bardiche among long-bladed axe polearms of eastern and central European foot beside western pollaxe speech. A named bardiche in that antient-armour neighborhood, not a halberd Swiss/German form alone and not a poleaxe knightly twin.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Morning star is historically related to Mace.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the morning-star among spiked mace and club forms of later medieval arms. A named morning-star in that antient-armour speech, not Venus as morning visibility, not a morning-star-mark, and not a bare club dump alone.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Estoc is historically related to Sword.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the estoc among stiff thrusting swords made for the gaps of plate. A named estoc in that antient-armour speech, not a rapier civilian thrust alone, not a falchion cut, and not a claymore.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Rapier is historically related to Sword.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the rapier among slender thrusting swords of later civilian and early-modern European arms. A named rapier in that antient-armour speech, not an estoc plate-thrust twin alone, not a sabre curve, and not a falchion.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Claymore is historically related to Sword.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the claymore among great Scottish two-hand swords of later Highland and border speech. A named claymore in that antient-armour speech, not a falchion single-edge, not a sabre, and not a rapier.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Falchion is historically related to Sword.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the falchion among single-edged cutting swords of later medieval European arms. A named falchion in that antient-armour speech, not a sabre cavalry curve alone, not a claymore, and not an estoc thrust.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sabre is historically related to Sword.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the sabre among curved cutting swords of later European cavalry and light-horse speech. A named sabre in that antient-armour speech, not a falchion medieval single-edge alone, not a cutlass naval twin (already Falconer-met), and not a rapier.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Messer is historically related to Sword.
Meyrick’s Inquiry can seat the messer among single-edged German knife-swords of later medieval civilian and arms speech. A named messer in that antient-armour neighborhood, not a falchion French/English form alone and not a sabre.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Targe is historically related to Shield.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the targe among round or slightly convex Highland and light shields. A named targe in that antient-armour speech, not a pavise mantlet, not a heater-shield knightly form, and not a buckler small fist-shield (already met).
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pavise is historically related to Shield.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the pavise among tall mantlet shields of crossbowmen and siege foot. A named pavise in that antient-armour speech, not a targe, not a heater-shield, and not a kite-shield Norman form.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Heater shield is historically related to Shield.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the heater shield among kite-descended knightly shields of later high-medieval heraldic form. A named heater-shield in that antient-armour speech, not a kite-shield long Norman form alone, not a pavise, and not a targe.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Kite shield is historically related to Shield.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the kite shield among elongated Norman and early medieval shields tapering toward the foot. A named kite-shield in that antient-armour speech, not a later heater, not a pavise, and not a targe.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Crossbow is historically related to Bow.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the crossbow among spanned mechanical bows of later medieval European arms. A named crossbow in that antient-armour speech, not a longbow hand-drawn war bow and not a bare arrow dump.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Longbow is historically related to Bow.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the longbow among tall hand-drawn war bows of English and Welsh later medieval speech. A named longbow in that antient-armour speech, not a crossbow spanned engine and not a hunting short bow alone.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Crupper is historically related to Saddle.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the crupper among horse-furniture straps running from the saddle to the dock, keeping the tack in the saddle neighborhood of war and parade harness. A named crupper in that antient-armour speech, not a caparison cloth alone and not a bare bridle dump.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Caparison is historically related to Horse.
Meyrick’s Inquiry seats the caparison among ornamental and armorial horse-cloths of parade and tournament harness. A named caparison in that antient-armour speech, not a crupper strap alone and not full bard plate as identity.
from Samuel Rush Meyrick · A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, 1824
historically related to · sourced · documented
Windsor chair is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Cabinet Dictionary seats the Windsor chair among stick-spindle country and workshop seats whose English cabinet speech centers oak (with ash and elm neighbors) rather than as a stuffed wing chair or French bergère. A named Windsor in that cabinet trade, not a wing easy-chair and not a bergère frame.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Wing chair is historically related to Wool.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the wing chair among high-backed easy chairs with side wings, upholstered in wool and stuff goods of the cabinet and upholstery trade. A named wing chair in that speech, not a Windsor spindle seat and not an open-armed fauteuil.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bergère is historically related to Silk.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the bergère among closed-arm upholstered easy chairs of French and English cabinet speech, often finished in silk or similar dress goods. A named bergère in that trade, not a Windsor, not a wing chair, and not an open-armed fauteuil alone.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Fauteuil is historically related to Silk.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the fauteuil among open-armed upholstered chairs of French cabinet speech, dressed in silk and related covering goods. A named fauteuil in that trade, not a closed bergère and not an English wing easy-chair.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Chaise longue is historically related to Silk.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the chaise longue among elongated upholstered resting chairs of cabinet and upholstery speech, finished in silk and stuff. A named chaise longue in that trade, not a daybed as the loftier couch cousin and not a short settee alone.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Rocking chair is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the rocking chair among chairs on curved rockers of English and American workshop wood speech, commonly oak and kindred hardwoods. A named rocking chair in that cabinet trade, not a Windsor spindle seat alone and not a stuffed wing chair.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Camp stool is historically related to Linen.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the camp stool among folding campaign seats whose seat is linen or canvas cloth on a light frame, not a stuffed fauteuil and not a carved curule show seat. A named camp stool in that cabinet and campaign-furniture speech.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Curule chair is historically related to Ivory.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the curule chair among antique X-framed show seats that cabinet speech recalls with ivory and precious materials of classical furniture, not a linen camp stool and not a stuffed wing chair. A named curule in that antiquarian cabinet reference.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Chaire is historically related to Throne.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the chaire among ceremonial and high-backed French seat forms that cabinet speech keeps in the throne and seat-of-honour neighborhood, not a curule antique X-frame and not a stuffed bergère. A named chaire in that cabinet reference.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Ladder-back chair is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the ladder-back chair among horizontal-slat country chairs of oak and hardwood workshop speech. A named ladder-back in that cabinet trade, not a Windsor spindle back and not a wing easy-chair.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Settee is historically related to Wool.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the settee among long upholstered multiple seats of cabinet and upholstery speech, covered in wool and stuff goods. A named settee in that trade, not a chaise longue as the elongated single rest and not an ottoman as the armless stool cousin.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Ottoman is historically related to Wool.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the ottoman among low stuffed seats and foot-rests of upholstery speech, covered in wool and similar goods. A named ottoman in that cabinet trade, not a settee with back and arms and not a chaise longue.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Daybed is historically related to Linen.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the daybed among long couch-beds dressed with linen and bedding goods of cabinet and chamber speech. A named daybed in that trade, not a chaise longue as the upholstered day rest alone and not a four-poster night bed.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Gateleg table is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the gateleg table among flap tables whose hinged gate legs are oak workshop speech of English cabinet-making. A named gateleg in that trade, not a refectory long board, not a trestle pair, and not a wall console.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Refectory table is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the refectory table among long dining boards of oak hall and monastery speech in cabinet trade. A named refectory table in that trade, not a gateleg flap table, not a trestle temporary board, and not a console against the wall.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Trestle table is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the trestle table among boards on separable trestle supports of oak workshop and hall speech. A named trestle table in that trade, not a gateleg, not a fixed refectory frame, and not a console.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Console table is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the console table among wall tables and pier tables of oak and hardwood cabinet speech, often with ornamental fronts. A named console in that trade, not a gateleg flap, not a refectory board, and not a trestle.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Chest of drawers is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the chest of drawers among case pieces with stacked drawers of oak and hardwood cabinet speech. A named chest of drawers in that trade, not a highboy as the tall upper-on-base form and not a lowboy as the short dressing case.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Highboy is historically related to Walnut.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the highboy among tall chests on stands of English and American walnut cabinet speech. A named highboy in that trade, not a lowboy as the short companion and not a plain chest of drawers without the tall stand composition.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lowboy is historically related to Walnut.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the lowboy among short dressing chests and stands of walnut cabinet speech, companion to the tall highboy. A named lowboy in that trade, not a highboy and not a full chest of drawers alone.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Armoire is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the armoire among tall cupboard case pieces of oak and hardwood cabinet speech for hanging and storage. A named armoire in that trade, not a chest of drawers as the drawer stack and not a hope chest as the dowry box.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Hope chest is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the hope chest among dowry and linen chests of oak case speech in domestic cabinet trade. A named hope chest in that trade, not an armoire cupboard and not a mule chest as the drawer-under-lid hybrid alone.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Mule chest is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the mule chest among hybrid chests with drawers under a lift lid of oak case speech. A named mule chest in that trade, not a plain hope chest and not a full chest of drawers.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Escritoire is historically related to Walnut.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the escritoire among fall-front writing cabinets of walnut and hardwood cabinet speech. A named escritoire in that trade, not a davenport as the small sloping desk, not a bureau plat as the flat writing table, and not a secretary desk as the bookcase-topped form alone.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Davenport desk is historically related to Walnut.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats small sloping writing desks of the early nineteenth-century cabinet trade in the walnut neighborhood later named davenport. A named davenport desk in that writing-furniture speech, not an escritoire fall-front cabinet, not a bureau plat, and not a secretary bookcase desk.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bureau plat is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the bureau plat among flat writing tables of French cabinet speech in oak and hardwood. A named bureau plat in that trade, not an escritoire fall-front, not a davenport slope, and not a secretary with upper bookcase.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Secretary desk is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the secretary desk among writing desks with upper bookcase or pigeonhole cases of oak cabinet speech. A named secretary in that trade, not a plain escritoire alone, not a davenport, and not a bureau plat flat table.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lap desk is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the lap desk among portable writing boxes of oak and hardwood cabinet speech for travel and chamber use. A named lap desk in that trade, not a full escritoire cabinet and not a bureau plat.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Four-poster bed is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the four-poster bed among bedsteads with four posts of oak chamber cabinet speech. A named four-poster in that trade, not a canopy-bed as textile emphasis alone, not a box-bed enclosure, and not a trundle under-bed.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Canopy bed is historically related to Silk.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the canopy bed among bedsteads whose overhead canopy and hangings are silk and textile chamber speech. A named canopy bed in that trade, not a bare four-poster frame alone, not a box-bed, and not a trundle.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Box bed is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the box bed among enclosed cupboard bedsteads of oak vernacular and cabinet speech. A named box bed in that trade, not a four-poster, not a canopy show bed, and not a trundle.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Trundle bed is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the trundle bed among low roll-out bedsteads of oak chamber speech stored under a larger bed. A named trundle in that trade, not a four-poster, not a canopy, and not a box enclosure.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Tester bed is historically related to Linen.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the tester bed among bedsteads with a flat tester canopy dressed in linen and hanging goods of chamber cabinet speech. A named tester bed in that trade, not a four-poster frame alone and not a box-bed enclosure.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cradle is historically related to Oak.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the cradle among rocking infant bedsteads of oak cabinet and domestic speech. A named cradle in that trade, not a bassinet as the lighter basket bed and not a grain-cradle farm tool or cradle-song false friend.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bassinet is historically related to Linen.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the bassinet among light infant baskets and stands dressed with linen of nursery cabinet speech. A named bassinet in that trade, not a heavy oak rocking cradle and not a modern changing-table.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pew appears in Temple.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the pew among fixed church seating of English joinery and cabinet speech attested inside temple and church places. A named pew in that trade, not a faldstool as the movable ecclesiastical stool and not a domestic settee.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
appears in · sourced · documented
Faldstool is historically related to Altar.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the faldstool among folding ecclesiastical stools of church furniture speech kept near the altar in liturgical cabinet reference. A named faldstool in that trade, not a fixed pew and not a domestic camp stool alone.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Lacquer is used in Workshop.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats lacquer among hard resin finishes of cabinet workshop speech, including imported and imitated lacquered furniture work. A named lacquer in that trade, not japanning as the European imitation process alone and not ormolu metal mounts.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
used in · sourced · documented
Looking-glass is historically related to Mirror.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the looking-glass among framed mirror furniture of cabinet and pier-glass speech. A named looking-glass in that trade, not a bare mirror pane without the cabinet frame job and not a girandole light fixture alone.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Candlestick is historically related to Candle.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the candlestick among portable candle holders of cabinet and brass furniture speech. A named candlestick in that trade, not a wall sconce and not a hanging chandelier.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sconce is historically related to Candle.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the sconce among wall candle brackets of cabinet and lighting furniture speech. A named sconce in that trade, not a portable candlestick and not a hanging chandelier.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Fire screen is historically related to Hearth.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats the fire screen among pole and cheval screens of cabinet furniture speech placed before the hearth. A named fire screen in that trade, not a hand-screen as the small personal fan alone and not a looking-glass.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Slip trailer is used in Clay.
Piccolpasso’s decorating practice seats the slip trailer among workshop tools that squeeze clay slip in lines and dots onto ware. A named slip-trailer in that craft, not pottery-roulette as the impressed wheel and not potter-comb as the dragged tooth tool.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Beehive kiln is historically related to Kiln.
Piccolpasso’s firing chapters seat the beehive kiln among dome updraft kilns of the Renaissance potter’s yard. A named beehive-kiln in that workshop speech, not bottle-kiln as English industrial oven and not climbing-kiln as East Asian chamber kiln.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Muffle kiln is historically related to Kiln.
Piccolpasso’s lustre and enamel firing seats the muffle kiln among shielded chambers that keep flame gases off the ware during second-fire enrichment. A named muffle-kiln in that workshop speech, not beehive-kiln as the main glaze dome and not bottle-kiln as industrial English oven.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sagger is used in Kiln.
Piccolpasso’s kiln packing seats the sagger among clay boxes that shield ware from flame and ash in the potter’s kiln. A named sagger in that workshop speech, not stilts as open-shelf props and not kiln-prop as post furniture alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Stilts is used in Kiln.
Piccolpasso’s kiln-furniture neighborhood seats stilts among pointed props that hold glazed ware apart in the fire so coats do not fuse. A named stilts in that kiln speech, not sagger as the enclosing box and not kiln-prop as shelf post alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Kiln prop is used in Kiln.
Piccolpasso’s kiln setting seats kiln props among refractory posts that support shelves and ware stacks in the fire. A named kiln-prop in that workshop, not sagger as the ware box and not stilts as pointed separators alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Kiln shelf is used in Kiln.
Piccolpasso’s kiln packing seats kiln shelves among flat refractory bats that carry ware levels in the chamber. A named kiln-shelf in that workshop speech, not kiln-prop as the supporting post and not kiln-wash as the bat coating.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Kiln wash is used in Kiln.
Piccolpasso’s kiln care seats kiln wash among refractory coatings brushed on shelves and props so glaze drips do not weld ware to furniture. A named kiln-wash in that workshop, not kiln-shelf as the bat itself and not engobe as body slip.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Kiln damper is used in Kiln.
Piccolpasso’s firing control seats the kiln damper among draft plates that regulate air and flame through the potter’s kiln. A named kiln-damper in that workshop speech, not muffle-kiln as the shielded chamber form and not kiln-shelf as furniture.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Banding wheel is historically related to Wheel.
Piccolpasso’s decorating neighborhood seats the banding wheel among low turntables for painting bands on ware by hand, not the throwing potter’s wheel. A named banding-wheel in that workshop speech, not potters-wheel as the forming wheel and not jigger as machine.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pottery rib is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s throwing tools seat the pottery rib among wood and metal ribs that compress and shape clay on the wheel in the workshop. A named pottery-rib in that craft, not potter-comb as the tooth tool and not loop-tool as the trimming wire.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Potter comb is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s decorating tools seat the potter’s comb among toothed tools that drag texture through slip and clay in the workshop. A named potter-comb in that craft, not pottery-roulette as the rolling stamp and not pottery-rib as the throwing smoother.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Potter calipers is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s measuring practice seats potter’s calipers among workshop gauges for matching lids, rims, and thrown diameters. A named potter-calipers in that craft, not needle-tool as the pointed scorer and not cut-off-wire as the slice wire.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Pottery roulette is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s ornament tools seat the pottery roulette among rolling stamps that impress repeating patterns in clay in the workshop. A named pottery-roulette in that craft, not potter-comb as the dragged tooth and not slip-trailer as the squeezed slip bulb.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Plaster bat is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s forming neighborhood seats the plaster bat among absorbent disks that take thrown or slab clay for drying and lifting in the workshop. A named plaster-bat in that craft, not kiln-shelf as refractory kiln furniture and not ware-board as the drying board alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Loop tool is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s trimming practice seats the loop tool among wire loops that carve and trim leather-hard clay in the workshop. A named loop-tool in that craft, not needle-tool as the pointed scorer and not cut-off-wire as the wheel-head slice wire.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Needle tool is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s clay tools seat the needle tool among pointed workshop instruments for scoring, piercing, and depth checks in thrown ware. A named needle-tool in that craft, not loop-tool as the trimming wire and not potter-calipers as the measuring gauge.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Cut-off wire is used in Wheel.
Piccolpasso’s throwing practice seats cut-off wire among wires that slice finished ware from the wheel-head. A named cut-off-wire in that craft, not loop-tool as the carving loop and not pottery-rib as the shaping rib.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Ware board is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s drying practice seats the ware board among workshop boards that carry and dry thrown pieces off the wheel. A named ware-board in that craft, not plaster-bat as the absorbent throwing disk and not kiln-shelf as refractory kiln furniture.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Throwing stick is used in Wheel.
Piccolpasso’s forming tools seat the throwing stick among interior sticks that open and shape tall forms on the potter’s wheel. A named throwing-stick in that craft, not pottery-rib as the exterior smoother and not throwing-bones as divination false friend.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Wedging table is used in Clay.
Piccolpasso’s clay prep seats the wedging table among workshop benches where the potter kneads and de-airs clay before throwing. A named wedging-table in that craft, not potters-wheel as the forming wheel and not ware-board as the drying board.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Albarello is historically related to Amphora.
Piccolpasso’s vessel speech seats the albarello among cylindrical pharmacy jars of tin-glaze maiolica, a workshop jar form in the amphora and storage-jar neighborhood of European ceramic trade. A named albarello in that potter’s art, not a generic kitchen crock alone and not porcelain jar speech.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Longcase clock is historically related to Oak.
Reid’s treatise seats the longcase among tall freestanding pendulum clocks whose English cases are full-height wooden hoods and trunks, oak among the cabinet woods of that clockmaker speech. A named longcase in that craft, not a bracket shelf clock and not a tower movement alone.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lantern clock is historically related to Brass.
Reid’s clock chapters seat the lantern clock among weight-driven domestic movements in framed brass cages of later English form. A named lantern-clock in that workshop speech, not a lantern lighting vessel and not a longcase wooden trunk.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bracket clock is historically related to Brass.
Reid’s treatise seats the bracket clock among spring-driven shelf clocks of English practice whose plates and mounts are brass workshop work. A named bracket-clock in that craft, not a longcase pendulum trunk and not a portable carriage clock alone.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Mantel clock is historically related to Oak.
Reid’s domestic clock speech seats the mantel clock among ornamental shelf cases made to sit on a mantel or console, wooden casework among the cabinet neighbors of that trade. A named mantel-clock in that craft, not a bracket movement type alone and not a longcase trunk.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Carriage clock is historically related to Brass.
Reid’s portable clock speech seats the carriage clock among rectilinear travel cases with brass frames and handle furniture for journey use. A named carriage-clock in that craft, not a pocket-watch in a fob and not a bracket shelf clock alone.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Table clock is historically related to Brass.
Reid’s treatise seats the table clock among freestanding table-top spring or weight cases whose plates and mounts belong to brass clockmaker work. A named table-clock in that craft, not a pocket-watch and not a tower movement.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Skeleton clock is historically related to Brass.
Reid’s exhibition and fine-work neighborhood seats the skeleton clock among open-frame movements whose plates and train are left visible as brass skeletonising. A named skeleton-clock in that craft, not a mystery illusion clock and not a tower movement.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pendulum clock is historically related to Steel.
Reid’s treatise seats the pendulum clock among timekeepers regulated by a swinging pendulum whose rod and suspension work belong to steel and iron clockmaker practice. A named pendulum-clock in that craft, not a longcase case alone and not a marine chronometer.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Regulator clock is historically related to Steel.
Reid’s precision chapters seat the regulator among high-grade pendulum clocks for setting other clocks, steel and compensated pendulum work at the center of that shop speech. A named regulator-clock in that craft, not a longcase furniture case alone and not a marine chronometer boxed for sea.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pocket watch is historically related to Gold.
Reid’s watch chapters seat the pocket watch among portable spring watches worn in a pocket, gold and gilt pair cases among the fine casework of that trade. A named pocket-watch in that craft, not a marine chronometer boxed for longitude and not a carriage clock.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Repeating watch is historically related to Bell.
Reid’s repeating-work chapters seat the repeating watch among pocket watches that strike hours and quarters on demand on a small bell or gong. A named repeating-watch in that craft, not a pocket-watch without strike alone and not a tower strike.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Marine chronometer is historically related to Meridian.
Reid’s chronometer and longitude speech seats the marine chronometer among boxed precision timekeepers carried to find longitude at sea against meridian time. A named marine-chronometer in that craft, not a pocket-watch alone and not Falconer’s marine dictionary seating of spars and sounding gear.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Turret clock is historically related to Iron.
Reid’s public-clock chapters seat the turret clock among large weight-driven movements built to drive dials in a turret or cupola, iron frames and arbors among that heavy shop work. A named turret-clock in that craft, not a tower-clock as the public whole alone and not a domestic lantern clock.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Tower clock is historically related to Bell.
Reid’s public timekeeping speech seats the tower clock among mechanical clocks set in towers whose strike trains sound hours on bells. A named tower-clock in that craft, not a turret movement alone and not a domestic longcase.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Astronomical clock is historically related to Sun.
Reid’s astronomical and equation neighborhood seats the astronomical clock among clocks that also show the sun’s place on subsidiary dials beside civil hours. A named astronomical-clock in that craft, not an orloj façade alone and not a bare orrery.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Equation clock is historically related to Sundial.
Reid’s dialling and equation chapters seat the equation clock among clocks that show the equation of time between sundial apparent time and mean time. A named equation-clock in that craft, not a sundial plate alone and not a regulator without equation work.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Automaton clock is used in Workshop.
Reid’s striking and show-work neighborhood seats the automaton clock among clocks that drive moving figures as part of the strike or display, shop automaton work rather than a cuckoo bird alone. A named automaton-clock in that craft workshop speech, not a cuckoo-clock alone and not a jacquemart façade figure alone.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
used in · sourced · documented
Watch key is historically related to Key.
Reid’s winding and fusee chapters seat the watch key among small winding keys for pocket watches and clock fusees, a clockmaker key distinct from a door bit-key. A named watch-key in that craft, not a skeleton-key and not a key-fob ornament alone.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Butterfield dial is historically related to Brass.
Reid’s dialling chapters seat the Butterfield dial among octagonal portable horizontal sundials with bird-gnomon and latitude tables, brass portable dial work of later French practice the English treatise can gloss. A named butterfield-dial in that dialling speech, not a diptych-dial and not a ring-dial.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Shepherd’s dial is historically related to Sundial.
Reid’s dialling speech seats the shepherd’s dial among portable pillar or cylinder sundials read by a sliding height bead on hour curves. A named shepherd-dial in that craft, not a monumental pillar-dial alone and not a ring-dial.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pillar dial is historically related to Sundial.
Reid’s dialling chapters seat the pillar dial among upright columnar sundials whose hours wrap a vertical shaft. A named pillar-dial in that craft, not a shepherd pocket cylinder alone and not a flat horizontal plate alone.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Ring dial is historically related to Sundial.
Reid’s portable dialling seats the ring dial among annular sundials read through a sliding hole on a graduated ring. A named ring-dial in that craft, not a nocturnal star dial and not a diptych-dial.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Polyhedral dial is historically related to Sundial.
Reid’s dialling speech seats the polyhedral dial among multi-faced stone or wood sundials with a gnomon on each plane. A named polyhedral-dial in that craft, not a single sundial face alone and not a tower-clock.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Diptych dial is historically related to Sundial.
Reid’s portable dialling seats the diptych dial among hinged two-leaf sundials with a string gnomon between faces. A named diptych-dial in that craft, not a writing diptych tablet and not a ring-dial.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Analemmatic sundial is historically related to Sundial.
Reid’s dialling chapters seat the analemmatic sundial among horizontal dials whose gnomon is a moving upright on an elongated hour scale. A named analemmatic-sundial in that craft, not a fixed-gnomon plate alone and not The Gnomon world place.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Candle clock is historically related to Candle.
Reid’s historical survey of earlier timers seats the candle clock among timekeepers that burn a marked candle, a combustion neighbor kept apart from mechanical pendulum and spring work. A named candle-clock in that treatise speech, not an oil-lamp-clock and not an incense-clock.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Oil-lamp clock is historically related to Oil.
Reid’s earlier-timer neighborhood seats the oil-lamp clock among timekeepers that read falling oil level in a graduated lamp reservoir. A named oil-lamp-clock in that treatise speech, not a candle-clock and not an incense-clock.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Burning-rope clock is historically related to Fire.
Reid’s historical timer survey can name the burning-rope clock among knotted or graduated ropes that time intervals as they burn, a fire-timed neighbor kept apart from candle and oil-lamp forms. A named burning-rope-clock in that treatise speech, not a candle-clock and not an incense-clock.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Jacquemart is historically related to Bell.
Reid’s public striking speech seats the jacquemart among articulated figures that hammer a bell on a public clock face. A named jacquemart in that craft, not a cuckoo bird alone and not the tower movement alone.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Nuremberg egg is historically related to Brass.
Reid’s early watch history seats the Nuremberg egg among early oval portable watches associated with Nuremberg makers, brass drum cases in that portable lineage. A named nuremberg-egg in that craft, not a later pocket-watch pair case alone and not a carriage clock.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Orloj is historically related to Moon.
Reid’s astronomical public-clock neighborhood can gloss the orloj among Central European astronomical clock façades with calendar and moon dials beside civil hours. A named orloj in that speech, not a generic astronomical-clock lemma alone and not an orrery.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Astrarium is historically related to Sphere.
Reid’s history of geared sky models seats the astrarium among medieval planetarium-clocks that model planetary places as well as hours, sphere and orb work in that lineage. A named astrarium in that treatise speech, not a later orrery alone and not an armillary-sphere dump.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Orrery is historically related to Sun.
Reid’s geared astronomical models seat the orrery among early modern machines that show planetary motion about the sun as a clockmaker’s sky model. A named orrery in that craft neighborhood, not an astrarium alone and not a live sky clock on The Gnomon.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Time ball is historically related to Meridian.
Reid’s public and maritime timekeeping neighborhood seats the time ball among drop-ball signals that mark a precise meridian instant for ships and towns. A named time-ball in that craft speech, not a noon-gun alone and not a tower-clock strike alone.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Rolling-ball clock is used in Workshop.
Reid’s curiosity and inclined-plane neighborhood can name the rolling-ball clock among clocks that time intervals by balls rolling on tracks, a workshop show train distinct from hourglass sand. A named rolling-ball-clock in that craft, not an hourglass and not a clepsydra.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
used in · sourced · documented
Annealing lehr is historically related to Kiln.
Neri’s English PD apparatus seats the Leer among the annealing chambers of the glass furnace where finished vessels cool and colourants calcine near the occhio. A named annealing-lehr in that furnace speech, not a glory-hole reheating bocca and not a pottery biscuit kiln alone.
from Antonio Neri · The Art of Glass, 1612; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Glory hole is historically related to Fire.
Neri’s English PD furnace apparatus seats the working Bocca and scalding hole among fire ports where vessels are reheated and metal taken from the pots. A named glory-hole in that reheating-port speech, not the Hand of Glory charm and not the annealing Leer chamber alone.
from Antonio Neri · The Art of Glass, 1612; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Marver is used in Workshop.
Neri’s English PD working chapters seat the marble table among workshop tools where the gather is rolled before blowing, uniting the hot metal on the iron. A named marver in that glasshouse speech, not a glory-hole fire port and not an annealing Leer.
from Antonio Neri · The Art of Glass, 1612; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Bandolier is historically related to Baldric.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the bandolier among shoulder belts of powder-charges and cartridge loops, keeping it in the baldric neighborhood of diagonal military and parade belts rather than as a waist belt alone. A named bandolier in that costume speech, not a baldric sword-belt identity and not a powder-horn vessel.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Biretta appears in Monastery.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the biretta among squared clerical caps of later Catholic and academic dress worn in church and collegiate habit. A named biretta in that costume speech, not a mitre, not a zucchetto skullcap, and not a bare hat dump.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Bowler hat is historically related to Wool.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the bowler among hard round-crowned felt hats of later nineteenth-century British dress, keeping the form in the wool-felt neighborhood rather than as a silk top-hat twin. A named bowler-hat in that costume speech, not a top-hat cylinder and not a tricorne cock.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bustle is historically related to Corset.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the bustle among later nineteenth-century pads and frames that project the skirt at the back, spoken beside structured underbodices of the same dress grammar. A named bustle in that costume speech, not a crinoline full cage, not a farthingale hoop, and not a soft petticoat alone.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cassock appears in Monastery.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the cassock among ankle-length close clerical robes of later Christian dress worn as standing habit under or without outer vestments. A named cassock in that costume speech, not a chasuble, not an alb, and not a cope.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Chasuble is used in Altar.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the chasuble among sleeveless outer Eucharistic vestments worn for Mass at the altar. A named chasuble in that costume speech, not a cope processional cloak, not a dalmatic, and not a cassock.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
used in · sourced · culturally specific
Clog is historically related to Oak.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the clog among wooden-soled work shoes of later European practice, keeping the sole in the oak and hard-wood neighborhood rather than as an all-wood sabot carve alone. A named clog in that costume speech, not a sabot, not a patten overshoe, and not a chelsea-boot.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cope appears in Monastery.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the cope among semicircular processional cloaks of Christian liturgical dress, open at the front. A named cope in that costume speech, not a chasuble Mass outer, not a cassock, and not a bare cloak dump.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Cotehardie is historically related to Doublet.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the cotehardie among close-fitted medieval European gowns and tunics, often buttoned, in the fitted-body neighborhood later speech shares with the doublet. A named cotehardie in that costume speech, not a houppelande volume, not a bare tunic dump, and not a doublet identity alone.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cowl appears in Monastery.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the cowl among monastic hooded outers and attached hoods of Christian religious dress. A named cowl in that costume speech, not a chaperon rolled hood, not a biretta, and not a bare hood dump.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Cravat is historically related to Linen.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the cravat among neckcloths of later seventeenth- and eighteenth-century European dress, commonly of linen (and later silk) in costume speech. A named cravat in that costume speech, not a ruff collar, not a stock alone, and not a bare scarf dump.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Crinoline is historically related to Steel.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the crinoline among mid-nineteenth-century stiffened and hooped underskirts whose cage speech centers steel (and whalebone) hoops. A named crinoline in that costume speech, not a Spanish farthingale, not a bustle pad, and not a soft petticoat alone.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Dalmatic appears in Monastery.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the dalmatic among wide-sleeved tunic vestments of deacon and festive Christian dress. A named dalmatic in that costume speech, not a chasuble, not an alb, and not a Roman tunica flatten.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Gaiter is historically related to Wool.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the gaiter among cloth and leather leg coverings from ankle toward the knee of later outdoor and military dress, commonly wool cloth in costume speech. A named gaiter in that costume speech, not short spats, not a puttee wrap, and not a greave.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Petticoat is historically related to Linen.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the petticoat among underskirts of later European dress worn for shape, warmth, or modesty, commonly linen (and later cotton) in costume speech. A named petticoat in that costume speech, not a crinoline cage, not a farthingale, and not a bustle pad alone.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Ruff is historically related to Linen.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the ruff among pleated and gathered collars of later sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European dress, starched linen in standing costume speech. A named ruff in that costume speech, not a cravat neckcloth, not a stock, and not a bare collar dump.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Spats is historically related to Linen.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats spats among short cloth coverings that button over the ankle and instep of later dress practice, commonly linen or cloth in costume speech. A named spats in that costume speech, not a tall gaiter, not a puttee wrap, and not a bare sock dump.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Top hat is historically related to Silk.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the top-hat among tall cylindrical formal hats of later nineteenth-century dress whose finished surface speech centers silk (and beaver) plush. A named top-hat in that costume speech, not a bowler round felt, not a tricorne cock, and not a bare high-hat dump.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Alb is historically related to Linen.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the alb among long white under-vestments of Christian liturgical dress, white linen in standing costume speech. A named alb in that costume speech, not a surplice over-robe, not a cassock, and not a bare white gown dump.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Brisé fan is historically related to Ivory.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the brisé fan among European folding fans made of sticks alone without a separate leaf, commonly ivory (and wood) sticks in costume speech. A named brise-fan in that costume speech, not a cockade-fan full disk, not a cabriolet-fan windowed leaf, and not a lace-fan.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cabriolet fan is historically related to Silk.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the cabriolet-fan among European leafed folding fans with an open window tier in the leaf, silk (and paper) leaf speech in costume handbooks. A named cabriolet-fan in that costume speech, not a brise-fan sticks-alone, not a cockade-fan disk, and not a lace-fan.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Carriage parasol is historically related to Parasol.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the carriage-parasol among short-stemmed sunshades made for coach shade rather than long walking stems. A named carriage-parasol in that costume speech, not a promenade-parasol, not a mourning-parasol alone, and not a garden standing canopy.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Mourning parasol is historically related to Parasol.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the mourning-parasol among black or deeply veiled sunshades of later mourning dress codes. A named mourning-parasol in that costume speech, not a plain promenade-parasol alone, not a carriage short stem alone, and not a garden standing canopy.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pagoda parasol is historically related to Parasol.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the pagoda-parasol among multi-tier or flared pagoda-shaped parasol canopies of later dress and garden-hand shade. A named pagoda-parasol in that costume speech, not a plain parasol alone, not a carriage short stem, and not a temple chattra stack.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Promenade parasol is historically related to Parasol.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the promenade-parasol among long-stemmed fashionable walking sunshades of later European promenade dress. A named promenade-parasol in that costume speech, not a short carriage-parasol, not a mourning-parasol black form alone, and not a garden standing canopy.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Houppelande is historically related to Velvet.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the houppelande among voluminous belted outer gowns of later medieval European dress, often of velvet and rich cloth with dagged sleeves. A named houppelande in that costume speech, not a cotehardie fitted form, not a bare cape, and not a cassock.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Mitre is historically related to Gold.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the mitre among liturgical headdresses of later Christian bishops, often gold-embroidered and jeweled in costume speech. A named mitre in that costume speech, not a biretta, not a zucchetto, and not a bare crown dump.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Zucchetto appears in Monastery.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the zucchetto among small hemispherical clerical skullcaps of later Catholic dress, color-ranked by office. A named zucchetto in that costume speech, not a biretta, not a yarmulke, and not a mitre.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Scapular appears in Monastery.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the scapular among apron-like monastic and devotional cloths hanging front and back from the shoulders. A named scapular in that costume speech, not a cowl, not a chasuble, and not a bare apron dump.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Surplice is historically related to Linen.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the surplice among loose white over-vestments of choir and clerical dress, often linen, worn over a cassock. A named surplice in that costume speech, not an alb, not a dalmatic, and not a chasuble.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Livery collar is historically related to Gold.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the livery-collar among chains of office and allegiance links worn as collars of service, commonly gold in court and household costume speech. A named livery-collar in that costume speech, not a carcanet jewel dump alone, and not a bare necklace.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Livery badge is historically related to Silver.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the livery-badge among metal badges of household or faction allegiance worn on dress or hat, silver and mixed metal in costume speech. A named livery-badge in that costume speech, not a livery-collar chain alone, not a pilgrim-badge, and not a cockade cloth knot.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sabot is historically related to Oak.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the sabot among carved all-wood French and related peasant shoes, oak and hard wood in costume speech. A named sabot in that costume speech, not a clog with leather uppers alone, not a patten overshoe, and not a chelsea-boot.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Patten is historically related to Iron.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the patten among raised wooden or iron-ring overshoes that lift the foot above mud and wet. A named patten in that costume speech, not a clog alone, not a sabot, and not a chopine fashion platform.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Carcanet is historically related to Pearl.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the carcanet among jeweled collars and close necklaces of later court speech, pearl and mixed jewel drops in costume adornment. A named carcanet in that costume speech, not a livery-collar of office, not a bare necklace dump, and not a torque.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Chatelaine is historically related to Gold.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the chatelaine among ornamental chains and clasps hung from the waist to carry keys, seals, and small tools of later dress, gold and gilt metal in costume speech. A named chatelaine in that costume speech, not a livery-collar, not a carcanet, and not a bare key-ring dump.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Mantilla is historically related to Veil.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the mantilla among lace or silk veils of Spanish dress worn over the head and shoulders. A named mantilla in that costume speech, not a generic veil identity alone, not a wimple, and not a hijab flatten.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Penannular brooch is historically related to Brooch.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the penannular brooch among open-ring cloak and dress fasteners of early British and related costume survey. A named penannular-brooch in that costume speech, not a bare brooch identity alone, not a fibula safety-pin flatten, and not a button.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lace fan is historically related to Silk.
Planché’s Cyclopaedia seats the lace-fan among leafed folding fans whose leaf speech centers lace over silk or fine cloth mounts. A named lace-fan in that costume speech, not a brise-fan sticks-alone, not a cockade-fan disk, and not a cabriolet-fan window tier alone.
from James Robinson Planché · A Cyclopaedia of Costume, 1876–1879
historically related to · sourced · documented
Apse is historically related to Altar.
Parker’s Glossary seats the apse as the semicircular or polygonal recess that for many centuries held the principal altar of a Christian church, with further apses for lesser altars. A named apse in that fabric speech, not the choir stall-place alone, not the nave body, and not an ambulatory aisle identity.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Balustrade is historically related to Stone.
Parker’s Glossary seats the balustrade as a range of small balusters supporting a coping or cornice and forming an open parapet or enclosure, with medieval stone-pillar prototypes among Italian examples. A named balustrade in that fabric speech, not a solid parapet wall alone and not a stair newel identity.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Choir stall is historically related to Oak.
Parker’s Glossary seats choir stalls as the fitted seats lining the choir, commonly of carved timber in mediaeval church furniture. A named choir-stall in that furniture speech, not the choir space as a whole and not a sedilia priest-seat set beside the altar.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Clerestory appears in Monastery.
Parker’s Glossary seats the clear-story (clerestory) as the upper row of windows in the central aisle of a church above the side-aisle roofs, adopted to light the body. A named clerestory in that fabric speech, not the triforium arcade gallery below it and not a bare window dump.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
appears in · sourced · documented
Cloister appears in Monastery.
Parker’s Glossary seats the cloister as a covered ambulatory forming part of a monastic or collegiate establishment, contiguous to the church and arranged about a cloister-garth. A named cloister in that fabric speech, not the nave, not a bare ambulatory synonym dump, and not a secular loggia.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
appears in · sourced · documented
Corbel is historically related to Stone.
Parker’s Glossary seats the corbel as a projecting stone or timber that supports a superincumbent weight in Gothic architecture, carved and moulded through the styles. A named corbel in that fabric speech, not a gargoyle waterspout identity and not a classical ancones truss alone.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Crypt is historically related to Altar.
Parker’s Glossary seats the crypt as a vault beneath a church, often under choir or chancel limits, formerly used as chapels provided with altars and fittings for religious service and sepulture. A named crypt in that fabric speech, not the choir above as identity and not a bare cellar dump.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cupola is historically related to Stone.
Parker’s Glossary seats the cupola as a concave ceiling covering a circular or polygonal area, or a roof of that exterior form more usually called a dome. A named cupola in that Italian/classical fabric speech, not Vitruvius’s refused attic roof-room pad and not a lantern-clock dump.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Drawbridge is historically related to Moat.
Parker’s Glossary seats the drawbridge in castle speech as the standing or lifting bridge over the ditch of the bailey, often joined to a barbican at the entrance. A named drawbridge in that fortification speech, not a portcullis grating and not a fixed bridge alone.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Flying buttress is historically related to Buttress.
Parker’s Glossary seats the arch-buttress or flying-buttress as an arch-formed prop connecting upper central walls of an aisled structure with the vertical buttresses of the outer walls. A named flying-buttress in that Gothic fabric, not a solid buttress pier alone and not Vitruvius’s classical projecting abutment seat.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Gargoyle is historically related to Water.
Parker’s Glossary seats the gargoyle as a projecting spout used in Gothic architecture to throw water from the gutter clear of the wall, often carved as a grotesque figure. A named gargoyle in that fabric speech, not a corbel support identity and not mere ornament without the spout job.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Jamb is historically related to Lintel.
Parker’s Glossary seats the jamb as the side of a window, door, chimney, or similar opening, spoken with the soills and other dressings of the aperture. A named jamb in that opening speech, not a mullion light-divider and not a trumeau portal pier alone.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lancet appears in Monastery.
Parker’s Glossary seats the lancet window among the narrow pointed lights of Early English church fabric (cross-referenced under Window). A named lancet in that Gothic speech, not a rose circular window and not a medical lancet-curve lemma.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
appears in · sourced · documented
Lectern is historically related to Altar.
Parker’s Glossary seats the lectern (lettern) as the desk or stand for the larger service-books of the church, often hung like altar textiles and distinct from the preaching pulpit. A named lectern in that furniture speech, not a pulpit, not a reredos screen, and not a rood-loft gallery.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Mullion is historically related to Stone.
Parker’s Glossary seats the mullion as the slender pier dividing the lights of windows, screens, and tracery in Gothic architecture. A named mullion in that fabric speech, not a door jamb alone and not a trumeau portal pier identity.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Narthex appears in Monastery.
Parker’s Glossary seats the narthex as the entrance division of early Christian churches to which catechumens and penitents were admitted, divided from the rest by railing or screen. A named narthex in that fabric speech, not the nave congregation body and not a transept arm.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Nave appears in Monastery.
Parker’s Glossary seats the nave as the part of a church westward of the choir where the general congregation assembles, often with aisles and distinct from choir, narthex, and transept. A named nave in that fabric speech, not the choir stall-place and not an ambulatory aisle alone.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
appears in · sourced · documented
Newel is historically related to Stone.
Parker’s Glossary seats the newel as the central column round which a circular staircase winds, citing stone newels in cathedral and castle stairs, and also the principal post at stair angles. A named newel in that stair speech, not a balustrade run and not a mere handrail dump.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Portcullis is historically related to Gate.
Parker’s Glossary seats the portcullis as a massive iron or timber grating sliding in jamb grooves to defend mediaeval gateways, often in several successive leaves at fortress entrances. A named portcullis in that fortification speech, not a drawbridge over the ditch and not a bare iron dump alone.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pulpit appears in Monastery.
Parker’s Glossary seats the pulpit as an elevated stage or desk for sermons, formerly placed in the nave of churches and also in monastic refectories and cloisters. A named pulpit in that furniture speech, not a lectern reading-desk, not a reredos, and not a rood-loft.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Quoin is historically related to Stone.
Parker’s Glossary seats the quoin as the external angle of a building, commonly dressed in ashlar when walls are of rough stone or flint, and likewise used for brick buildings. A named quoin in that fabric speech, not a decorative band alone and not ashlar-pattern textile chrome.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Reredos is historically related to Altar.
Parker’s Glossary seats the reredos as the ornamental screen or panelling at the back of an altar, and sometimes the screen between nave and choir. A named reredos in that furniture speech, not a pulpit, not a lectern, and not a rood-loft gallery.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Rood loft appears in Monastery.
Parker’s Glossary seats the rood-loft as the gallery over the screen separating choir or chancel from the nave, carrying the rood. A named rood-loft in that fabric speech, not a pulpit, not a lectern, not a reredos altar-back, and not sedilia.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
appears in · sourced · culturally specific
Sedilia is historically related to Altar.
Parker’s Glossary seats the sedilia as the group of stone stalls on the south side of the chancel, usually an arcade of three or more arches for the officiating clergy beside the altar. A named sedilia in that furniture speech, not a pulpit, not a lectern, not a reredos, and not a rood-loft.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Transept appears in Monastery.
Parker’s Glossary seats the transept among the cross-arms of cruciform church plans, distinct from nave body, choir eastern limb, and apse terminations. A named transept in that fabric speech, not the nave, not the choir, and not an ambulatory aisle alone.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
appears in · sourced · documented
Trumeau is historically related to Gate.
Parker’s Glossary lists trumeau among French terms for the pier or mass between adjacent openings — the portal pier that divides a doorway. A named trumeau in that opening speech, not a window mullion and not a plain jamb cheek alone.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Gallipot is used in Medicine.
Culpeper’s Complete Herbal seats the gallipot in the troche chapter: gum tragacanth is put into a gallipot with distilled water overnight to make the mucilage for little cakes, and he prefers pocket troches to carrying a gallipot about. A named gallipot in that compounding speech, not a pill-tile, not a pill-roller, and not an albarello maiolica jar.
from Nicholas Culpeper · The English Physician, 1652 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Syringe is used in Medicine.
Culpeper’s Complete Herbal seats the syringe for injecting herb juice into the bladder among stone and urinary physic (e.g. saxifrage / related simples taken in syrup or decoction, or injected with a syringe). A named syringe in that injection speech, not a catheter drain tube, not a clyster enema alone, and not a modern hypodermic dump.
from Nicholas Culpeper · The English Physician, 1652 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Composing stick is used in Workshop.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats the Composing-stick as the compositor’s adjustable iron tray for setting lines of letter in the printing-house, provided by the Master-Printer for apprentices and shared title measures. A named Composing-stick in that shop speech, not a frisket, not a tympan, and not a platen.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
used in · sourced · documented
Type case is used in Letter.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats Cases as the divided frames that hold Letter sorts for the compositor — Upper and Lower Case laid so the hand reaches the most-used letters first. A named Case in that letter-holding speech, not a composing-stick, not a galley, and not a bare cabinet dump.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
used in · sourced · documented
Type galley is used in Book.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats the Galley as the shallow tray that receives composed lines and tied-up pages before imposing the sheet of a Book. A named Galley in that page-holding speech, not a war-galley, not a composing-stick, and not a chase.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
used in · sourced · documented
Printers chase is historically related to Iron.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats the Chase as an Iron Frame that locks pages and furniture on the Correcting-Stone — sides and crosses of iron filed square and flat. A named Chase in that iron-frame speech, not a galley tray, not a hunting chase, and not a bare picture frame.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
historically related to · sourced · documented
Frisket is used in Workshop.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats the Frisket as the hinged mask the Press-man pins to the Tympan and cuts out page windows so margins stay clean when he Pulls. A named Frisket in that press-house speech, not a tympan, not a composing-stick, and not a platen.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
used in · sourced · documented
Tympan is used in Workshop.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats the Tympan and Inner-Tympan as the framed packing (wood, iron, vellum, blankets) that carries the sheet under the Plattin when the Press-man Makes Ready and Pulls. A named Tympan in that press-house speech, not a frisket, not an architectural tympanum, and not a platen.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
used in · sourced · documented
Ink ball is used in Workshop.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats Balls — leather on Ball-stocks stuffed with wool or hair — as the Press-man’s tools for Taking Inck, Destributing, and Beating the Form before each Pull. A named Ball in that inking speech, not a brayer roller alone, not a desk inkwell, and not a bare ball dump.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
used in · sourced · documented
Brayer is used in Workshop.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats the Brayer on the Inck-block as the turned beech rubber that mingles and rubs Inck (and Blacking when added) before the Press-man Takes Inck with the Balls. A named Brayer in that ink-block speech, not an ink-ball, not a press cylinder, and not a paint roller dump.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
used in · sourced · documented
Imposing stone is historically related to Stone.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats the Correcting-Stone as a flat Marble or Purbeck (or other hard) Stone on an oaken frame where the compositor Imposes and Corrects Forms in the Chase. A named stone working surface in that imposing speech, not a lithographic-stone, not a typecase, and not a bare table dump.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
historically related to · sourced · documented
Type metal is historically related to Lead.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats the Mettal Founders cast Printing-Letters of as Lead hardened with Iron (stub-Nails melted into the pots), stirred and cast into matrices. A named letter-metal in that founding speech, not bare plumbing lead alone, not a stereotype plate, and not antimony as identity.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
historically related to · sourced · documented
Copperplate is historically related to Copper.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats Copper Cuts and Letters Engraven in Copper Plates among the priced prints and Van Dijck letter models he exhibits — copper as the plate metal for those intaglio letter cuts, not a woodcut-block and not a lithographic-stone.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
historically related to · sourced · documented
Woodcut block is used in Book.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises still seats Wooden-Borders and Wooden-Letters, if well drawn and neatly cut, as printable in a Creditable Book beside metal Capitals now more common. A named wooden relief printing piece in that book-ornament speech, not a copperplate, not a bare plank, and not Koster origin-blocks alone.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
used in · sourced · documented
Hobby horse is historically related to Horse.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats the Hobby-horse as the child’s plaything named from the morris-dance hobby-horse — a light wicker frame draped so a performer gambols as a horse. A named Hobby-horse in that phrase speech, not a stalking-horse, and not a bare rocking-horse dump alone.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Brazen Head is historically related to Oracle.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats the Brazen Head among legendary talking heads — Friar Bacon’s head that spoke “Time is / Time was / Time’s past,” Albertus Magnus’s broken head, and the omniscient brazen head of Ferragus that told past, present, or to come. A named Brazen Head in that oracular automaton speech, not a bare brass sculpture dump.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Burning glass is used in Sun.
Brewster’s Treatise seats burning and illuminating lenses among convex glasses that concentrate the sun’s rays to fuse metals and throw a condensed beam. A named burning-glass in that optical-instrument speech, not a reading or magnifying hand glass and not a Claude landscape mirror.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Camera lucida is used in Eye.
Brewster’s Treatise seats the camera lucida among Wollaston’s drawing instruments that present an image to the eye for tracing. A named camera-lucida in that optical-instrument speech, not a camera obscura dark chamber and not a bare photographic camera.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Camera obscura is historically related to Glass.
Brewster’s Treatise seats the camera obscura among dark-chamber instruments that form a picture by a convex lens (and often a mirror) of glass. A named camera-obscura in that optical-instrument speech, not a camera lucida prism drawer and not a bare photographic camera.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Compound microscope is historically related to Glass.
Brewster’s Treatise seats the compound microscope among instruments that combine an object glass with an eye glass to magnify a near object. A named compound-microscope in that optical-instrument speech, not a single/simple microscope and not a solar microscope.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Galilean telescope is historically related to Glass.
Brewster’s Treatise seats the Galilean telescope among refracting forms that use a concave eye glass with a convex object glass. A named galilean-telescope in that optical-instrument speech, not a Newtonian reflector and not a generic astronomical refractor alone.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Kaleidoscope is historically related to Mirror.
Brewster’s Treatise seats the kaleidoscope among instruments that create symmetrical forms by combining two plane mirrors at a fixed angle before the eye. A named kaleidoscope in that optical-instrument speech, not a magic lantern projector and not a stereoscope.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Magic lantern is used in Lamp.
Brewster’s Treatise seats the magic lantern among projection instruments that concentrate lamp light through lenses onto painted transparent sliders. A named magic-lantern in that optical-instrument speech, not a kaleidoscope and not a camera obscura.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Magnifying glass is used in Eye.
Brewster’s Treatise seats the magnifying glass among simple convex lenses used to enlarge near objects for the eye. A named magnifying-glass in that optical-instrument speech, not a reading glass for manuscript type alone, not a burning glass, and not a quizzing or Claude glass.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Microscope is historically related to Glass.
Brewster’s Treatise opens On Microscopes as the genus of glass-lens instruments for magnifying near objects before treating single and compound forms. A named microscope in that optical-instrument speech, not a telescope and not a typed compound or solar subspecies alone.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Newtonian telescope is historically related to Mirror.
Brewster’s Treatise seats the Newtonian telescope among reflecting forms that use a large concave speculum and a small plane diagonal mirror before the eye glass. A named newtonian-telescope in that optical-instrument speech, not a Galilean refractor and not a Gregorian reflector identity.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Opera glasses is used in Eye.
Brewster’s Treatise seats achromatic opera glasses among short Galilean-style telescopes for the eye when single-lens achromatism is practical. A named opera-glasses in that optical-instrument speech, not binoculars as a later field twin, not a monocle, and not spectacles.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Reading glass is used in Eye.
Brewster’s Treatise seats reading glasses beside spectacles among the simplest optical instruments for bringing small manuscript or type to distinct vision for the eye. A named reading-glass in that optical-instrument speech, not a burning glass, not a quizzing glass, and not a Claude glass.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Reflecting telescope is historically related to Mirror.
Brewster’s Treatise seats reflecting telescopes among instruments that form the image by concave and plane mirrors or specula before an eye glass. A named reflecting-telescope in that optical-instrument speech, not a refracting telescope and not a Newtonian subspecies alone.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Refracting telescope is historically related to Glass.
Brewster’s Treatise seats refracting telescopes among instruments that form and magnify distant images by object and eye glasses of glass. A named refracting-telescope in that optical-instrument speech, not a reflecting telescope and not a Galilean subspecies alone.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Simple microscope is historically related to Glass.
Brewster’s Treatise seats the single (simple) microscope among instruments that are nothing more than a lens or transparent sphere in whose focus minute objects are placed. A named simple-microscope in that optical-instrument speech, not a compound microscope and not a Leeuwenhoek proper-name dump Brewster does not seat.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Solar microscope is used in Sun.
Brewster’s Treatise seats the solar microscope among projection microscopes that use the light of the sun instead of a lamp, as in the magic lantern arrangement. A named solar-microscope in that optical-instrument speech, not a compound bench microscope and not a stereo microscope.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Spectacles is used in Eye.
Brewster’s Treatise seats spectacles among the simplest optical instruments that correct long or short sight with convex or concave lenses for the eye, including Wollaston’s periscopic form. A named spectacles in that optical-instrument speech, not a pince-nez, not a lorgnette, and not a monocle.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Telescope is used in Eye.
Brewster’s Treatise seats the telescope among optical instruments that bring distant objects to distinct vision for the eye before dividing refracting and reflecting forms. A named telescope in that optical-instrument speech, not a microscope and not a typed Newtonian or Galilean subspecies alone.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Barrel key is historically related to Brass.
Price’s Treatise seats the Bramah key among small hollow-stem keys whose barrel receives the longitudinal cuts that set the slides, including cast brass-work key blanks from the sand. A named barrel-key in that locksmith-key speech, not a bit-key, not a skeleton-key, and not a tubular-key or pipe-key dump.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bit key is historically related to Key.
Price’s Treatise seats keys to warded locks among bitted forms whose key-bit is notched to clear wards (fancy-bitted, oval-bitted, and stepped bits). A named bit-key in that locksmith-key speech, not a skeleton-key pick-lock set, not a barrel-key, and not a dimple or double-bit dump.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Box lock is historically related to Brass.
Price’s Treatise seats box and sloping-desk locks, and mortise box locks, among the brass cabinet class whose cases and link-plates secure lids and boxes. A named box-lock in that locksmith-furniture speech, not a stock-lock timber case, not a chest-lock alone, and not a mortise door lock dump.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bramah lock is historically related to Brass.
Price’s Treatise seats Bramah’s lock among the widely sold slide locks whose construction is peculiarly adapted for cabinet purposes, listed with brass Bramah cabinet and padlock prices. A named bramah-lock in that locksmith speech, not a Chubb detector, not a Yale American lock, and not a warded or lever dump.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cabinet lock is historically related to Brass.
Price’s Treatise divides lock kinds into brass cabinet and other best locks as Class I, with till, cupboard, box, and related furniture locks principally made in Wolverhampton brass. A named cabinet-lock in that locksmith-class speech, not a chest-lock alone, not a stock-lock, and not an entry mortise dump.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Chest lock is historically related to Iron.
Price’s Treatise seats iron chest locks among the stronger link-plate locks for chests and coffers, and lists chest and link-cupboard locks in the comparative price tables. A named chest-lock in that locksmith-furniture speech, not a cabinet-lock alone, not a padlock, and not a bare hasp.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Deadbolt is used in Key.
Price’s Treatise seats dead locks among bolts that can only be shot out and in by the key—hence called a dead lock—including rim and mortise dead locks without a spring latch bevel. A named deadbolt in that locksmith dead-bolt speech, not a spring-latch, not a night-latch case alone, and not a flush-bolt or barrel-bolt dump.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
used in · sourced · documented
Flush bolt is historically related to Iron.
Price’s Treatise seats the common flush-bolt or dog-lock among ironworks bolts that stay flush with the selvage when unlocked, and indexes flush-bolt locks (Hobbs, Nettlefold, Perry). A named flush-bolt in that locksmith-bolt speech, not a deadbolt, not a barrel-bolt, and not a cremone or slide-bolt dump.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Hasp is historically related to Iron.
Price’s Treatise seats padlocks among fastenings used wherever hasps and staples or chains are affixed to the article or depository to be secured. A named hasp in that locksmith-fastening speech, not a door-chain, not a keyhole-plate, and not a padlock body alone.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Letter lock is historically related to Ring.
Price’s Treatise seats the puzzle or letter lock among ring-locks whose lettered rings must align before the shackle frees, opened by a mnemonic rather than a steel key. A named letter-lock in that locksmith-puzzle speech, not a dial combination-lock alone, not a seal-lock, and not a padlock dump.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lever lock is historically related to Iron.
Price’s Treatise seats lever locks among the priced four-lever door and furniture locks and tables the combinations and degrees of security of lever locks. A named lever-lock in that locksmith-mechanism speech, not a pin-tumbler reprint, not a warded-lock alone, and not a Bramah slide lock.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Master key is used in Ring.
Price’s Treatise seats master keys among suite-lock practice that lets a keeper carry on a key-ring only three or four small keys while each lock remains different, including prison and furniture suites. A named master-key in that locksmith-suite speech, not a skeleton-key pick set, not a pass-key dump, and not a bit-key alone.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
used in · sourced · documented
Mortise lock is historically related to Oak.
Price’s Treatise seats the mortise lock among locks mortised into the thickness of the door woodwork, superseding unsightly rim cases for parlour doors, with mortise dead, two-bolt, three-bolt, and spring forms. A named mortise-lock in that locksmith-mounting speech, not a rim-lock surface case, not a stock-lock, and not a padlock.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Night latch is used in Key.
Price’s Treatise seats flush, rim, and mortise night latches among street-door latches that open outside with the key only and usually spring on closing, having superseded the insecure French latch. A named night-latch in that locksmith-latch speech, not a thumb-latch, not a Norfolk latch, and not a deadbolt alone.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
used in · sourced · documented
Padlock is used in Key.
Price’s Treatise seats padlocks among portable locks for bags and depositories secured with hasps, opened by their keys (and contrasted with letter-locks that need no steel key). A named padlock in that locksmith-portable speech, not a hasp alone, not a chest-lock, and not a seal-lock.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
used in · sourced · documented
Rim lock is historically related to Iron.
Price’s Treatise seats rim locks among cases that project from the door surface, often japanned iron with brass bolt-plates, including rim dead and three-bolt rim forms. A named rim-lock in that locksmith-mounting speech, not a mortise-lock, not a stock-lock alone, and not a padlock.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Skeleton key is historically related to Key.
Price’s Treatise seats skeleton keys among reduced pick-lock patterns that open large classes of common warded door locks when ironmongers supply interchangeable ward work. A named skeleton-key in that locksmith-key speech, not a master-key suite key, not a bit-key cut to one lock, and not a barrel-key.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Spring latch is historically related to Iron.
Price’s Treatise seats spring locks and latch-bolts among door locks whose bolt locks itself against the striking-plate, including spring rim/drawback and mortise spring forms in iron cases. A named spring-latch in that locksmith-latch speech, not a deadbolt, not a night-latch case alone, and not a thumb or Norfolk latch.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Stock lock is historically related to Oak.
Price’s Treatise seats Class III stock or wooden-case locks among locks whose works sit in a cavity cut from a block of wood (the stock) prepared to receive the plate. A named stock-lock in that locksmith-case speech, not a box-lock metal case, not a mortise-lock alone, and not a padlock.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Tumbler lock is historically related to Iron.
Price’s Treatise seats the common tumbler lock among ironworks locks whose tumbler must lift before the bolt can pass, including Barron’s tumbler and older French tumbler forms. A named tumbler-lock in that locksmith-mechanism speech, not a lever-lock price-table dump alone, not a warded-lock, and not a disc-tumbler or wafer dump.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Warded key is historically related to Key.
Price’s Treatise seats keys to warded locks among keys notched to clear L, T, Y, Z, nose, bridge, and solid wards, figured as Keys to Warded Locks and Keys to Solid Warded Locks. A named warded-key in that locksmith-key speech, not a skeleton-key, not a bit-key genus dump alone, and not a barrel-key.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Warded lock is historically related to Iron.
Price’s Treatise seats the warded lock among locks whose sheet-iron (or copper/brass solid) wards obstruct wrong keys, including common and solid-warded forms. A named warded-lock in that locksmith-mechanism speech, not a tumbler-lock, not a lever-lock, and not a Bramah or cylinder dump.
from George Price · Treatise on Locks and Keys, 1856
historically related to · sourced · documented
Box sextant is historically related to Glass.
Heather’s Treatise seats the box or pocket sextant among surveying angle instruments whose index glass and half-silvered horizon glass form the reflecting pair, with dark glasses for bright objects. A named box-sextant in that surveying speech, not Hadley’s full astronomical sextant alone, not Troughton’s reflecting circle, and not an optical square.
from J. F. Heather · Treatise on Mathematical Instruments, 1849 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Gunter’s chain is historically related to Brass.
Heather’s Treatise seats Gunter’s chain among land-surveying measuring chains of 66 feet in 100 links, with pieces of brass of different shapes attached at every tenth link for counting. A named gunter-chain in that surveying speech, not a Gunter logarithmic scale, and not Ramsden’s separate steel base-chain alone.
from J. F. Heather · Treatise on Mathematical Instruments, 1849 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Gunter’s scale is historically related to Ivory.
Heather’s Treatise seats logarithmic Gunter’s lines among drawing-scale furniture constructed and used with the pocket-case plain scale (ivory) and commonly laid down upon pocket sectors. A named gunter-scale in that Gunter’s-lines speech, not Gunter’s surveying chain, and not Coggeshall’s sliding rule alone.
from J. F. Heather · Treatise on Mathematical Instruments, 1849 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Optical square is historically related to Glass.
Heather’s Treatise seats the optical square among surveying offset instruments that fix the two glasses of the sextant permanently at 45° so that direct and reflected objects subtend a right angle. A named optical-square in that surveying speech, not a box sextant with a movable index, and not a prismatic compass.
from J. F. Heather · Treatise on Mathematical Instruments, 1849 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Prismatic compass is historically related to Needle.
Heather’s Treatise seats the prismatic compass among surveying angle instruments whose compass card carries a magnetic needle on an agate center, read through a prism against a sight-vane. A named prismatic-compass in that surveying speech, not a gyrocompass, not a theodolite, and not a bare box sextant.
from J. F. Heather · Treatise on Mathematical Instruments, 1849 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Reflecting circle is historically related to Circle.
Heather’s Treatise seats Troughton’s reflecting circle among astronomical reflecting instruments that keep the sextant principle but make the limb a complete circle with three verniers and an index glass. A named reflecting-circle in that Troughton speech, not a box sextant alone, not a theodolite horizontal limb dump, and not a bare circular protractor.
from J. F. Heather · Treatise on Mathematical Instruments, 1849 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sector is historically related to Circle.
Heather’s Treatise seats the sector among drawing instruments whose name and form follow Euclid’s sector of a circle — two equal legs moveable about a joint as radii, carrying sectoral lines. A named sector in that mathematical-instrument speech, not a dip sector alone, and not a Gunter scale dump.
from J. F. Heather · Treatise on Mathematical Instruments, 1849 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Slide rule is historically related to Oak.
Heather’s Treatise seats Coggeshall’s or the carpenter’s sliding rule among drawing-instrument additions used for taking dimensions and finding the contents of timber by logarithmic lines and a girt line. A named slide-rule in that Coggeshall speech, not a folding-rule, not Gunter’s chain, and not bare Gunter’s lines alone.
from J. F. Heather · Treatise on Mathematical Instruments, 1849 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Station pointer is historically related to Circle.
Heather’s Treatise seats the station pointer among plotting instruments with three arms moveable about a common center, two carrying graduated arcs read by verniers to set observed angles onto the plot. A named station-pointer in that surveying-plotting speech, not a theodolite, not a circular protractor alone, and not a plane-table.
from J. F. Heather · Treatise on Mathematical Instruments, 1849 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Theodolite is historically related to Meridian.
Heather’s Treatise seats the theodolite as the chief surveying instrument for horizontal and vertical angles, and explains laying the true meridian when plotting bearings taken with chain and theodolite. A named theodolite in that surveying speech, not a circumferentor, not a graphometer, not a plane-table or alidade, and not a prismatic compass alone.
from J. F. Heather · Treatise on Mathematical Instruments, 1849 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Water level is historically related to Water.
Heather’s Treatise seats the water level among levelling instruments as a hollow brass tube filled with coloured water whose surfaces in end bottles give a horizontal line. A named water-level in that surveying speech, not a spirit level, not Gravatt’s/dumpy level, not an Abney level, and not a reflecting level alone.
from J. F. Heather · Treatise on Mathematical Instruments, 1849 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cementation furnace is used in Steel.
Ure’s Dictionary seats CEMENTATION as imbedding iron with charcoal to form steel, and names the cementation furnace beside the forge and tilt-hammer in converting bars into steel. A named cementation-furnace in that steel-making speech, not a building cement, and not a puddling or blast furnace dump.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Davy lamp is historically related to Lamp.
Ure’s Dictionary seats the SAFETY LAMP among colliery lamps, including Davy’s wire-gauze safety lamp and later Upton and Roberts modifications against fire-damp. A named davy-lamp in that mine safety-lamp speech, not a magic lantern, and not a bare workshop lamp dump.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Iron gall ink is historically related to Iron.
Bancroft’s black-dye and writing-ink chapter seats the black from iron with galls (and related tannins) as the combination that later became common writing ink, after lampblack-and-gum inks. A named iron-gall-ink kinship toward iron in that iron–gall black speech, not copperas identity alone, and not logwood purple.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Puck is historically related to Forest.
Keightley seats Puck / Robin Goodfellow among English frolicsome forest and farm spirits — puck speech, not an Irish púca alone if keep-apart holds.
from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Fairy ointment is used in Charm.
Keightley seats fairy ointment as the salve that opens mortal eyes to fairy sight — charm use in fairy tales, not a medical ointment dump.
from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)
used in · sourced · documented

material · 55

Calico is historically related to Cotton.
Beck’s Dictionary seats calico among printed and plain cotton cloths of Anglo-Indian drapery trade speech. A named calico in that drapery trade, not muslin as the lighter plain cousin and not chintz as the glazed printed cousin alone.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cambric is historically related to Linen.
Beck’s Dictionary seats cambric among fine plain linen (and later cotton) dress and handkerchief goods of the draper’s counter. A named cambric in that drapery trade, not batiste as the soft twin and not lawn as the sheer cousin.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Batiste is historically related to Linen.
Beck’s Dictionary seats batiste among soft fine linen and cotton dress goods beside cambric in drapery speech. A named batiste in that drapery trade, not cambric alone and not organdy as the stiffened sheer cousin.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Gauze is historically related to Silk.
Beck’s Dictionary seats gauze among open leno and sheer silk (and cotton) goods of the draper’s counter. A named gauze in that drapery trade, not muslin as the plain light cotton and not tulle as the net cousin.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Buckram is historically related to Linen.
Beck’s Dictionary seats buckram among stiffened coarse linen (and cotton) interlining and millinery goods of drapery trade. A named buckram in that drapery trade, not canvas as sailcloth alone and not crinoline as the later skirt stiffener.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Organdy is historically related to Cotton.
Beck’s Dictionary seats organdy (organdie) among crisp sheer cotton dress goods of the draper’s counter. A named organdy in that drapery trade, not muslin as the soft light cousin and not voile as the soft sheer twin.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Voile is historically related to Cotton.
Beck’s Dictionary seats voile among soft sheer cotton (and wool/silk) dress goods of drapery speech. A named voile in that drapery trade, not organdy as the crisp sheer and not gauze as the open leno neighbor.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lawn Cloth is historically related to Linen.
Beck’s Dictionary seats lawn among sheer fine linen and cotton dress goods of the draper’s counter. A named lawn-cloth in that drapery trade, not cambric as the denser fine cousin and not batiste as the soft twin.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cashmere is historically related to Wool.
Beck’s Dictionary seats cashmere among fine goat-undercoat shawl and dress goods of Anglo-Indian drapery trade, kept in the wool neighborhood of the counter. A named cashmere in that drapery trade, not mohair as the angora-goat hair and not merino as sheep wool alone.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Mohair is historically related to Goat.
Beck’s Dictionary seats mohair as the long lustrous hair of the Angora goat among drapery dress and upholstery goods. A named mohair in that drapery trade, not cashmere as Kashmir undercoat and not angora as rabbit wool alone.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Angora is historically related to Wool.
Beck’s Dictionary seats angora among soft rabbit (and goat-named) specialty wools of the draper’s fiber list. A named angora in that drapery trade, not mohair as Angora-goat hair and not cashmere as Kashmir undercoat.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Alpaca Fiber is historically related to Llama.
Beck’s Dictionary seats alpaca among Andean camelid hair goods of nineteenth-century drapery import speech beside llama. A named alpaca-fiber in that drapery trade, not vicuña as the finer wild cousin and not mohair as goat hair.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Vicuna Fiber is historically related to Llama.
Beck’s Dictionary seats vicuña among the finest Andean camelid hairs of drapery import speech in the llama neighborhood. A named vicuna-fiber in that drapery trade, not alpaca as the domestic cousin and not cashmere as Old-World undercoat.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Jute is historically related to Hemp.
Beck’s Dictionary seats jute among coarse bast bagging and carpet fibers of drapery and packing trade beside hemp. A named jute in that drapery trade, not sisal as leaf fiber and not coir as coconut husk fiber.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Ramie is historically related to Flax.
Beck’s Dictionary seats ramie (China grass) among lustrous bast fibers treated beside flax in drapery fiber speech. A named ramie in that drapery trade, not hemp as the coarser bast and not linen as the finished cloth alone.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sisal is historically related to Hemp.
Beck’s Dictionary seats sisal among hard leaf fibers of cordage and mat goods in the hemp neighborhood of trade speech. A named sisal in that drapery/cordage trade, not jute as soft bast bagging and not abaca as Manila hemp.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Coir is historically related to Hemp.
Beck’s Dictionary seats coir among coconut-husk cordage and matting fibers beside hemp in trade fiber speech. A named coir in that drapery/cordage trade, not jute as bast bagging and not sisal as agave leaf fiber.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Abaca is historically related to Hemp.
Beck’s Dictionary seats abaca (Manila hemp) among strong leaf-stem cordage fibers named hemp in trade speech though not Cannabis. A named abaca in that drapery/cordage trade, not sisal as agave fiber and not true hemp as Cannabis bast.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Kapok Fiber is historically related to Cotton.
Beck’s Dictionary seats kapok among silky seed-hair stuffing fibers of tropical trade beside cotton in drapery and upholstery speech. A named kapok-fiber in that drapery trade, not cotton as spun textile fiber alone and not silk as filament.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Tussah is historically related to Silk.
Beck’s Dictionary seats tussah (tussore) among wild silks of Indian and Chinese drapery import speech beside cultivated mulberry silk. A named tussah in that drapery trade, not eri or muga as other wild silks and not spun-silk as waste reeling.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Eri Silk is historically related to Silk.
Beck’s Dictionary seats eri among Assamese and Indian wild silks of drapery import lists beside mulberry silk. A named eri-silk in that drapery trade, not tussah as the larger wild cousin and not muga as the golden Assam silk.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Muga Silk is historically related to Silk.
Beck’s Dictionary seats muga among golden Assamese wild silks of drapery import speech beside cultivated silk. A named muga-silk in that drapery trade, not eri as the softer Assam cousin and not tussah as the broader wild name.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Silk Noil is historically related to Silk.
Beck’s Dictionary seats silk noils among short waste fibers left from silk dressing and spinning, kept under silk in drapery fiber speech. A named silk-noil in that drapery trade, not spun-silk as the yarn made from waste and not raw thrown silk.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Spun Silk is historically related to Silk.
Beck’s Dictionary seats spun silk among yarns made from silk waste and short fibers rather than reeled filament, still under silk in drapery speech. A named spun-silk in that drapery trade, not silk-noil as the raw waste alone and not organzine thrown filament.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Worsted Yarn is historically related to Wool.
Beck’s Dictionary seats worsted among long-staple combed wool yarns of drapery and hosiery trade, distinct from woollen carded yarn. A named worsted-yarn in that drapery trade, not woollen-yarn as the carded cousin and not mohair as goat hair yarn.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Boucle Yarn is historically related to Wool.
Beck’s Dictionary seats bouclé among looped fancy yarns of drapery dress goods, commonly wool or mixed, defined as a yarn effect not a weave alone. A named boucle-yarn in that drapery trade, not chenille as the pile yarn and not crepe as the high-twist yarn.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Chenille Yarn is historically related to Silk.
Beck’s Dictionary seats chenille among fuzzy pile yarns (often silk) of drapery dress and fringe goods. A named chenille-yarn in that drapery trade, not bouclé as the looped fancy yarn and not velvet as the woven pile cloth.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Crepe Yarn is historically related to Silk.
Beck’s Dictionary seats crepe among high-twist yarns (especially silk) that give pebble dress goods their crinkle. A named crepe-yarn in that drapery trade, not crepe-paper as the paper false friend and not bouclé as the looped fancy yarn.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Ply Yarn is historically related to Wool.
Beck’s Dictionary seats ply among folded yarns of drapery and knitting trade, commonly counted on wool and mixed goods. A named ply-yarn in that drapery trade, not worsted as the combed single system alone and not a bare rope dump.
from S. William Beck · The Draper’s Dictionary, 1882
historically related to · sourced · documented
Gilt Bronze is historically related to Bronze.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats gilt bronze among gilded bronze mounts and furniture ornaments of cabinet metal speech. A named gilt-bronze in that trade, not ormolu as the ground-gold brass finish alone and not japanning.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Japanning is used in Workshop.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats japanning among European lacquer-imitation finishes worked in the cabinet workshop on wood and metal furniture. A named japanning craft in that trade, not Asian lacquer as the imported finish alone, not ormolu mounts, and not shellac French polish alone.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
used in · sourced · documented
Shellac is used in Workshop.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats shellac among spirit-varnish and polish resins of the cabinet workshop, distinct from japanning grounds and from ormolu mounts. A named shellac in that trade, not lacquer as the hard Asian/European lacquer cousin alone and not beeswax polish alone.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
used in · sourced · documented
Beeswax polish is historically related to Wax.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats beeswax polish among wax finishes for cabinet wood of workshop speech. A named beeswax polish in that trade, not shellac spirit varnish alone and not paste-wax as the compounded cousin only.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Paste wax is historically related to Wax.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats paste wax among compounded wax polishes of cabinet finishing speech. A named paste wax in that trade, not beeswax polish as the simpler wax alone and not shellac.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Tin glaze is historically related to Tin.
Piccolpasso’s potter’s art seats tin-glaze among the opaque white tin enamels of Italian maiolica, where tin ash opacifies the lead glaze into the bianco ground for painted ware. A named tin-glaze in that workshop speech, not salt-glaze as Northern vapor stoneware and not ash-glaze as wood-ash East Asian coating.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Lead Glaze is historically related to Lead.
Piccolpasso’s handbook seats lead-glaze among the lead-fluxed coatings of the Renaissance potter, the base flux for transparent and tin-opacified maiolica glazes. A named lead-glaze in that workshop speech, not tin-glaze as the opaque white cousin alone and not salt-glaze as vapor stoneware.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Copper Red Glaze is historically related to Copper.
Piccolpasso’s color chapters seat copper among the potter’s metallic colorants that yield greens and reds in glaze and painted maiolica enrichment. A named copper-red glaze speech in that workshop, not cobalt blue and not manganese purple-brown alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lustre Glaze is historically related to Gold.
Piccolpasso’s potter’s art seats lustre among the metallic sheen enrichments of maiolica, including gold and copper lustre fired in a reducing muffle after the main glaze fire. A named lustre-glaze in that workshop speech, not ordinary overglaze enamel paint alone and not tin-glaze as the white ground.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Lead Frit is historically related to Lead.
Piccolpasso’s glaze prep seats lead frit among the pre-fired lead-silicate batches the potter melts and grinds before coating ware. A named lead-frit in that workshop speech, not alkaline-frit as glass-soda neighbor and not ceramic-frit as the generic silica batch alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Ceramic Frit is historically related to Sand.
Piccolpasso’s glaze-batch chapters seat ceramic frit among silica sand and flux melts the potter prepares before grinding for glaze. A named ceramic-frit in that workshop speech, not lead-frit as the lead-specific cousin and not alkaline-frit as glass-soda seat.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Overglaze is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s potter’s art seats overglaze among second-fire enrichments painted on the already-glazed ware in the workshop — lustre and enamel touches after the main glaze fire. A named overglaze practice in that craft, not underglaze as decoration under or in the raw glaze coat.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Underglaze is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s painting chapters seat underglaze and in-glaze decoration among colors laid on the raw tin enamel or body before the glaze fire in the potter’s workshop. A named underglaze practice in that craft, not overglaze as the later second-fire enrichment.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Overglaze Enamel is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s enrichment speech seats overglaze enamel among fusible enamel colors fired on glazed ware in the workshop muffle, distinct from the main tin-glaze ground. A named overglaze-enamel in that craft, not lustre as the metallic sheen cousin alone and not underglaze painting on raw enamel.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Bianco Sopra Bianco is historically related to Tin.
Piccolpasso’s maiolica decoration seats bianco sopra bianco among white-on-white relief painting on the tin enamel ground — a second white built on the tin bianco. A named bianco-sopra-bianco in that Italian potter’s speech, not ordinary white-slip alone and not fresco bianco-san-giovanni.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Engobe is historically related to Clay.
Piccolpasso’s body and coating speech seats engobe among clay slips laid as a contrasting coat on the ware before glaze. A named engobe in that potter’s art, not casting-slip as mold-pour industrial slip and not the thin decorating-slip trail alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Black Slip is historically related to Clay.
Piccolpasso’s slip decoration seats black slip among dark clay slips painted or coated on earthenware before glaze. A named black-slip in that workshop speech, not white-slip as the light cousin and not engobe as the broader coat term alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
White Slip is historically related to Clay.
Piccolpasso’s slip speech seats white slip among light clay coats that prepare or decorate the body under or beside tin glaze. A named white-slip in that workshop, not black-slip as the dark cousin and not bianco-sopra-bianco as tin-enamel white-on-white painting.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Red Slip is historically related to Terracotta.
Piccolpasso’s earthenware speech seats red slip among iron-red clay slips coating terracotta-colored bodies of the potter’s shop. A named red-slip in that workshop, not black-slip and not white-slip as the light coat.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Decorating Slip is historically related to Clay.
Piccolpasso’s painted ware seats decorating slip among fluid clay slips trailed or brushed as ornament before glaze. A named decorating-slip in that workshop, not engobe as the full coat and not casting-slip as mold-pour slip.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Slip Trailing is used in Clay.
Piccolpasso’s ornament chapters seat slip-trailing among clay-slip line decoration practiced in the potter’s workshop before glaze. A named slip-trailing practice in that craft, not engobe coating alone and not sgraffito scratch decoration as a different hand.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Alkaline Frit is historically related to Sand.
Neri’s opening frit chapters seat alkaline crystal frit among polverine, rochetta, and barilla salts melted with white tarso sand or pebbles in the calcar into bollito for cristallo. A named alkaline-frit in that glass-soda workshop speech, not lead-frit as Piccolpasso’s lead glaze batch and not ceramic-frit as the generic potter silica melt alone.
from Antonio Neri · The Art of Glass, 1612; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Tin Oxide is historically related to Tin.
Neri’s lattimo and enamel opacifying speech seats calcined tin — the workshop tin-oxide white — among the powders that whiten crystal frit and enamel metals. A named tin-oxide in that glass opacifier speech, not purple-of-cassius as the gold-tin red precipitant and not tin-glaze as the finished ceramic coat.
from Antonio Neri · The Art of Glass, 1612; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Smalti is historically related to Glass.
Neri’s enamel books seat smalti among coloured glass pastes and goldsmith enamels melted from glass metals with copper, lead, zaffer, and manganese for lamp and furnace work. A named smalti in that glass-colour speech, not stained-glass window sheets alone and not machine vitreous-tessera craft chips.
from Antonio Neri · The Art of Glass, 1612; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Amalgam Gilding is used in Gold.
Ure’s Dictionary seats wash gilding as applying an amalgam of gold evenly to a copper alloy and dissipating the mercury with heat so as to leave a fixed gold film. A named amalgam-gilding in that mercury-gold coating speech, not electro-gilding alone, and not bare amalgam identity.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Alder Bark is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats alder bark among astringent dyeing barks used with logwood and for brownish yellows on cloth, listing it with gall-nuts and walnut rinds among historical dye materials. A named alder-bark in that alder-bark dye speech, not oak-gall alone, and not butternut bark.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented

element · 40

Salt is associated with Offerings.
Salt appears in European household and covenant customs as a thing given or shared. The uses are local and should not be read as one church.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Ormolu is historically related to Gold.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats ormolu among gilt brass mounts and ground-gold finishes of cabinet ornament speech. A named ormolu in that trade, not gilt-bronze as the cast bronze cousin alone, not japanning as the lacquer finish, and not shellac polish.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bone glue is historically related to Glue.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats bone glue among animal glues of cabinet joinery speech for veneering and assembly. A named bone glue in that trade, not a finish varnish and not a locksmith cement.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Slip clay is historically related to Clay.
Piccolpasso’s clay prep seats slip-clay among fine dispersed clays mixed with water for coating and joining ware. A named slip-clay in that workshop speech, not casting-slip as industrial mold slip and not engobe as the finished coat name alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Manganese is used in Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s color lists seat manganese among the potter’s workshop colorants for purple-brown and dark tones on tin-glaze maiolica. A named manganese in that craft speech, not cobalt/zaffre blue and not copper green-red alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
used in · sourced · documented
Fireclay is historically related to Fire.
Piccolpasso’s refractory speech seats fireclay among heat-resistant clays for kiln furniture and fire contact in the potter’s fire. A named fireclay in that workshop, not ball-clay as plastic throwing earth and not grog-clay as tempered body alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Grog clay is historically related to Clay.
Piccolpasso’s body prep seats grog clay among clay bodies tempered with crushed fired clay for strength in fire and drying. A named grog-clay in that workshop speech, not fireclay as refractory kiln clay alone and not ball-clay as fine plastic earth.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Ball clay is historically related to Clay.
Piccolpasso’s clay chapters seat fine plastic throwing earths among the potter’s body clays; ball-clay is filed here as that plastic clay neighborhood of the workshop even though the English geological name is later than 1557. A named ball-clay in Atlas speech for that plastic earth, not fireclay as refractory and not kaolin as porcelain china-clay.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Calcined tartar is historically related to Alchemy.
Piccolpasso-era potter’s recipe speech seats calcined tartar among workshop salts neighboring alchemical calcination practice used in craft fluxes and cleansers beside glaze prep. A named calcined-tartar in that craft-alchemy neighborhood, not lead-frit as the glaze melt and not Merrifield pigment lakes alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Acetic acid is historically related to Vinegar.
Ure’s Dictionary seats ACETIC ACID as the sour principle which exists in vinegar, and treats wine, malt, sugar, and wood vinegars as convertible into one identical acetic acid. A named acetic-acid in that vinegar-manufacture speech, not bare acid dump alone, and not pyrolignous wood vinegar as a separate identity flatten.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Anthracite is historically related to Fire.
Ure’s Dictionary seats ANTHRACITE as stone coal of the transition rocks — dense, nearly pure carbon, difficult to kindle in separate masses, and burned as fuel. A named anthracite in that stone-coal fuel speech, not cannel coal, not coke, and not lignite or brown coal.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Bleaching powder is historically related to Lime.
Ure’s Dictionary seats bleaching powder (chloride of lime) among the calcareous chlorides that carry bleaching power for textile whitening, tested against green sulphate of iron. A named bleaching-powder in that chloride-of-lime speech, not chlorine water, and not bare chlorine gas alone.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cannel coal is historically related to Lamp.
Ure’s Dictionary seats cannel coal among the bituminous fuels heated in retorts for gas-light, listed with resin, oil, fats, and tar as gas-yielding bodies. A named cannel-coal in that gas-light fuel speech, not anthracite stone coal, not coke, and not lignite.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cement is historically related to Lime.
Ure’s Dictionary seats CEMENTS among substances applied liquid between surfaces to unite them, including water- and oil-set binders in the lime and mortar neighborhood of building manufacture. A named cement in that binder speech, not cementation of steel, and not diamond cement alone.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Chlorine water is historically related to Water.
Ure’s Dictionary seats chlorine water beside chlorine gas among energetic bleaching agents, and distinguishes humid chlorine from dry and from chloride-of-lime bleaching powder. A named chlorine-water in that aqueous-chlorine speech, not bleaching powder, and not eau-de-Javelle dump alone.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Coal is historically related to Fire.
Ure’s Dictionary seats pitcoal among solid fuels whose carbon (about 75–95 percent) gives heat in combustion, one pound heating some sixty pounds of water from freezing to boiling. A named coal in that pitcoal fuel speech, not anthracite alone, not coke, and not cannel as gas coal only.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Coal damp is historically related to Air.
Ure’s Dictionary seats FIRE-DAMP as the explosive carburetted hydrogen of coal mines, and names choke-damp as the miner’s carbonic-acid foul air. A named coal-damp in that mine-air speech, not coal-gas for lighting, not coal-tar, and not coal-dust.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Coal dust is historically related to Fire.
Ure’s Dictionary seats fusion under coal dust in crucibles on a reverberatory as a refining cover for impure metal. A named coal-dust in that powdered-fuel cover speech, not coal-damp mine air, not coal-gas, and not coal-tar.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Coal gas is historically related to Lamp.
Ure’s Dictionary seats GAS-LIGHT as carburetted air produced by heating bituminous pit-coal in close vessels — Murdoch’s coal gas for artificial illumination. A named coal-gas in that illuminating-gas speech, not fire-damp mine air alone, not coal-tar, and not coal-dust.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Coal tar is historically related to Tar.
Ure’s Dictionary seats boiled coal-tar among bituminous binders used with powdered limestone or chalk in asphaltic cement manufacture. A named coal-tar in that gasworks-tar speech, not coal-gas, not fire-damp, and not coal-dust.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Coke is historically related to Charcoal.
Ure’s Dictionary seats COKE as carbonized pitcoal and points to CHARCOAL and PITCOAL for the carbonized-fuel kinship. A named coke in that carbonized-coal speech, not anthracite stone coal, not cannel, and not lignite-coke or coke-breeze.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Ethiops mineral is historically related to Mercury (metal).
Ure’s Dictionary seats ETHIOPS as the alchemists’ name for certain black metallic preparations, and names mineral ethiops as the black sulphuret of mercury. A named ethiops-mineral in that black mercury-sulphuret speech, not martial ethiops of iron, and not animal bezoar concretions.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Feldspar is historically related to Clay.
Ure’s Dictionary seats FELSPAR among minerals whose decomposition yields porcelain clays, and treats felspar–quartz rocks as the parent of china-clay pastes. A named feldspar in that porcelain-clay kinship speech, not quartzite, and not bare sand dump.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Gelatin is historically related to Isinglass.
Ure’s Dictionary seats GELATINE as the animal jelly obtained by boiling soft parts, and states that isinglass consists almost entirely of gelatine. A named gelatin in that isinglass-jelly speech, not glue alone, and not cloth-sizing dump.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Graphite is historically related to Lead.
Ure’s Dictionary seats GRAPHITE (plombagine / Reissblei) as a lead- or iron-gray mineral staining the fingers with a lead-gray hue, cross-referenced as PLUMBAGO / black lead. A named graphite in that black-lead naming speech, not metallic lead smelting alone, and not diamond.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Ivory black paste is historically related to Ivory.
Ure’s Dictionary seats IVORY BLACK as the velvety black pigment prepared from ivory dust by calcination, ground and levigated for copperplate printing. A named ivory-black-paste in that ivory-dust black continuity, not lampblack paste, and not bone black alone.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lampblack paste is historically related to Oil.
Ure’s Dictionary seats lamp black among black pigments and printing/dye recipes that combine lamp black with oil into a workable paste. A named lampblack-paste in that oil-black continuity, not ivory-black paste, and not bare soot dump.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Molybdenum is historically related to Lead.
Ure’s Dictionary seats MOLYBDENUM among rare metals occurring as sulphuret, molybdic acid, and molybdate of lead. A named molybdenum in that molybdate-of-lead ore speech, not tungsten/wolfram, and not platinum.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Nickel is historically related to Copper.
Ure’s Dictionary seats NICKEL as a metal usually associated with cobalt and occurring as Kupfernickel (arsenic-nickel) among copper-named ores. A named nickel in that Kupfernickel kinship speech, not bare copper identity, and not platinum.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Phosphorus is historically related to Fire.
Ure’s Dictionary seats PHOSPHORUS as a simple combustible of extensive chemical manufacture, prepared from bone-ash with detailed ignition manipulations. A named phosphorus in that combustible-manufacture speech, not match-head dump alone, and not sulfur.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Platinum is historically related to Crucible.
Ure’s Dictionary seats PLATINUM as the grayish-white, almost infusible metal used in chemical manufacture, and repeatedly names the platinum / platina crucible for refractory fusions and calcinations. A named platinum in that crucible-metal speech, not platinum-leaf, and not gold or silver identity flatten.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Porcelain is historically related to Clay.
Ure’s Dictionary seats PORCELAIN as the finest pottery-ware whose paste is fine-grained clay body, treated under pottery and china-clay from felspar rocks. A named porcelain in that fine-clay ware speech, not earthenware alone, and not Piccolpasso maiolica dump.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Prussian blue is used in Dye.
Ure’s Dictionary seats PRUSSIAN BLUE and prussiate of potash as important chemical manufactures — ferrocyanide blue used among dyeing and pigment colours. A named prussian-blue in that blue manufacture speech, not chrome yellow, and not indigo alone.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Red lead putty is historically related to Minium.
Ure’s Dictionary seats red lead mixed into a putty used by coppersmiths and engineers to secure joints, smeared on leather or cloth washers. A named red-lead-putty in that joint-putty speech, not white-lead putty alone, and not bare litharge dump.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Rottenstone is historically related to Pumice.
Ure’s Dictionary seats ROTTEN-STONE under TRIPOLI and describes polishing first with pumice-stone, then finishing smooth with tripoli and oil. A named rottenstone in that polishing-earth speech, not emery alone, and not chalk-line.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Tungsten is historically related to Iron.
Ure’s Dictionary seats TUNGSTEN (wolfram) as the metal of tungstic acid combined with bases including oxides of iron and manganese, with WOLFRAM as native tungstate of iron and manganese. A named tungsten in that wolfram–iron ore speech, not molybdenum, and not platinum.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Wort is historically related to Barley.
Ure’s Dictionary seats WORT as the fermentable infusion of malt or grains, pointing to BEER for the brew. A named wort in that malt-infusion speech, not yeast alone, and not vinegar wash dump.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Zinc is historically related to Brass.
Ure’s Dictionary seats ZINC as the bluish-white metal of commerce and names brass as an alloy of copper and zinc among the ordinary alloys of manufacture. A named zinc in that brass-alloy speech, not bare copper identity, and not pinchbeck dump alone.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cream of tartar is used in Alum.
Bancroft seats cream of tartar with alum in mordant baths (and with cochineal) for dyeing, noting alum and cream of tartar do not decompose each other in the usual scarlet and related preparations. A named cream-of-tartar in that alum–tartar mordant adjunct speech, not argol identity alone, and not a bare acid dump.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Sugar of lead is historically related to Lead.
Bancroft seats sugar of lead (acetate of lead) as the oxide of lead dissolved for improving the aluminous mordant by decomposing alum toward acetate of alumine for madder and related colours. A named sugar-of-lead in that lead-acetate mordant speech, not white-lead pigment alone, and not chrome yellow.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented

color · 31

Red is associated with Luck.
Some European and later popular customs treat red as protective or lucky. That is not Mexica ritual color and not alchemical fire.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Black is associated with Death.
European mourning has used black cloth. The custom is local; it is not Egyptian green Osiris and not a proof that night is death.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Black is associated with Raven.
The bird’s color is the ordinary reason folk speech calls it a night-bird. Color is not a Norse Huginn.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Parcel Gilt is historically related to Gold.
Sheraton’s Dictionary seats parcel-gilt among partly gilded furniture and frame finishes of cabinet ornament speech in the gold neighborhood. A named parcel-gilt in that trade, not full ormolu mounts alone and not japanning.
from Thomas Sheraton · The Cabinet Dictionary, 1803
historically related to · sourced · documented
Green frit is historically related to Copper.
Piccolpasso’s color and frit speech seats green frit among copper-bearing glaze batches that yield green on the maiolica palette. A named green-frit in that workshop, not lead-frit as the clear flux batch alone and not cobalt blue frit.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Underglaze Blue is historically related to Tin.
Piccolpasso’s maiolica painting seats underglaze blue among cobalt blues laid on the white tin enamel ground before firing. A named underglaze-blue in that workshop speech, not overglaze enamel blue alone and not manganese purple-brown.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Cobalt blue is historically related to Zaffre.
Piccolpasso’s color lists seat cobalt blue among the potter’s blues ground from zaffre (cobalt oxide colorant) for painting on tin-glaze maiolica. A named cobalt-blue in that workshop speech, not copper green and not manganese dark alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Manganese violet is historically related to Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s manganese palette seats violet-leaning purple-brown tones among workshop colors from manganese on tin glaze. A named manganese-violet in that craft neighborhood, not cobalt-blue and not underglaze-blue on tin alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Gold Ruby Glass is historically related to Gold.
Neri’s transparent-red chapters seat gold-ruby among fine cristallo coloured by repeatedly calcined gold powder sprinkled into the melt until a rubie red appears. A named gold-ruby-glass in that colour speech, not cranberry as later Victorian pink table glass and not purple-of-cassius as the post-Neri gold-tin precipitate name alone.
from Antonio Neri · The Art of Glass, 1612; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Milk Glass is historically related to Tin.
Neri’s milk-white Lattimo recipes seat opaque white glass among crystal frit opacified with calcined tin until the metal surpasses snow in whiteness. A named milk-glass in that lattimo speech, not tin-glaze as ceramic maiolica enamel and not milk-white enamel paste alone.
from Antonio Neri · The Art of Glass, 1612; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Chrome yellow is used in Dye.
Ure’s Dictionary seats Chrome yellow among calico-printing pads made from bichromate of potash with acetate or nitrate of lead, yielding lemon and other yellow shades. A named chrome-yellow in that chromate pigment-dye speech, not Prussian blue, and not bare lead chromate identity alone.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Logwood is used in Dye.
Ure’s Dictionary seats LOGWOOD (campeachy / blauholz) as the dyeing wood of Haematoxylon campechianum, boiled with galls for cloth colour. A named logwood in that blue-dye wood speech, not indigo alone, and not madder.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Quercitron is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats quercitron bark (quercus tinctoria) as a durable yellow dyeing drug for topical and bath yellows, comparing it with weld and fustic yellows. A named quercitron in that black-oak bark dye speech — Bancroft’s own trade yellow — not weld alone, and not old fustic.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Fustic is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats Morus tinctoria — improperly called old fustic by the English, bois jaune by the French — as a West-India yellow dyeing wood used with aluminous bases for drab and Saxon greens. A named old-fustic dyeing wood, not Rhus cotinus young fustic, and not quercitron bark.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Young Fustic is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats Rhus cotinus (Venice sumach), commonly though improperly called young fustic, as a yellow-orange dyeing shrub wood distinct from Morus tinctoria. A named young-fustic dyeing wood, not old fustic, and not leaf-sumac tannin alone.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Cudbear is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats cudbear — the Scottish lichen purple powder named from Dr. Cuthbert Gordon — among orchal/cudbear dyeing drugs employed to colour wool. A named cudbear in that lichen-purple trade speech, not Mediterranean orchil alone, and not mauveine.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Camwood is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats Camwood (pao-gabam / kambe from Sierra Leone) as an African red dyeing heartwood employed with aluminous mordants, akin to ordinary Nicaragua wood. A named camwood in that African red-wood dye speech, not barwood, and not brazilwood.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Barwood is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats Barwood from Angola as an African red dyeing wood giving yellowish-brown reds on wool and cotton with alum, often saddened with iron for Bandana-style dark grounds. A named barwood in that African red-wood dye speech, not camwood, and not peachwood.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Peachwood is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats Nicaragua or peach wood as Central American red dyeing woods of uneven quality, employed for inferior fugitive reds on the aluminous basis. A named peachwood in that Nicaragua red-wood dye speech, not Pernambuco brazilwood alone, and not camwood.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Sappanwood is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats sappan or sampfan red wood among East-Indian red dyeing woods used with aluminous mordants beside Brasil wood. A named sappanwood in that Asian brazilwood-kin dye speech, not New World brazilwood alone, and not logwood.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Butternut Dye is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats the North-American butternut tree (walnut, commonly butternut) for the use of its bark in dyeing brown colours. A named butternut-dye in that butternut-bark dye speech, not black-walnut rind alone, and not alder bark.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Morinda is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats Morinda citrifolia (aal roots) and related morinda species as red dyeing roots of Indian cloth practice. A named morinda in that aal/morinda red-root dye speech, not European madder alone, and not chay root.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Chay Root is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats chay / chaia / chayaver root (Oldenlandia umbellata) of Coromandel and Malabar as a classical South-Indian cotton red dyeing root, compared experimentally with madder. A named chay-root in that Coromandel red-root dye speech, not munjeet, and not Turkey-red process alone.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Turkey Red is historically related to Madder.
Bancroft repeatedly seats Turkey red as the durable cotton/linen red whose oily–gall–alumine preparation receives madder-family adjective colour, citing Henry, Berthollet, and Chaptal on the process. A named turkey-red in that madder-oil cotton-red kinship, not bare madder root alone, and not Adrianople as a separate workshop lemma only.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Adrianople Red is historically related to Madder.
Bancroft names the process for dyeing the Adrianople or Turkey red when discussing oily and astringent preparations that fix alumine for permanent adjective colours on linen or cotton. A named adrianople-red in that paired Adrianople/Turkey madder-red speech, not a free-standing Edirne monograph, and not bare madder root alone.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lac dye is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats coccus lacca / lac / lacsha as the Indian lac-insect comb whose boiled colouring matter dyes cloths red, the residual mass becoming painters’ artificial lac. A named lac-dye in that lac-insect red dye speech, not shellac varnish alone, and not cochineal.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Persian berries is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats unripe berries of Rhamnus infectorius as French berries (grains d’Avignon) and Levant Turkey berries for topical yellows in calico printing on aluminous mordant — lively but fugitive beside weld or quercitron. A named persian-berries seat in that French/Turkey buckthorn-berry dye speech, not stil-de-grain lake alone, and not quercitron bark.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Sawwort is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats saw-wort (Serratula tinctoria) as a good substitute for weld, giving a bright lemon yellow of considerable durability on the aluminous basis with alum and tartar. A named sawwort in that Serratula yellow dye speech, not weld alone, and not dyers’ broom.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Barberry Dye is used in Dye.
Bancroft seats roots and bark of Berberis vulgaris (barberry) as communicating a fine yellow to wool without a basis, though without permanence against air or soap. A named barberry-dye in that berberine yellow dye speech, not weld, and not a bare barberry plant dump.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Anil is historically related to Indigo.
Bancroft seats Indigofera anil among indigo plants and notes anil / nil as the American name of indigo adopted from Hindu speech. A named anil in that Indigofera-anil indigo-plant kinship, not finished indigo cake alone, and not woad.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Writing Ink is historically related to Iron.
Bancroft seats the history of writing-ink from Pliny’s lampblack-and-gum librarium toward the later adoption of the black produced by iron with gall-nuts as common writing ink. A named writing-ink in that iron–gall writing-ink reception, not printers’ ink, and not india-ink alone.
from Edward Bancroft · Philosophy of Permanent Colours, 1813 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented

symbol · 17

Eye is associated with Luck.
Around the Mediterranean and in later Europe, a look can be said to blight luck. The “evil eye” is a folk harm, not the wedjat.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Eye is associated with Divination.
Seeing signs with the eye is ordinary; calling a glance itself a technique of harm is a specific folk claim.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Hurt is historically related to Azure.
Boutell’s English Heraldry names the hurt as a blue (azure) roundel — bruise-named disk charge. A named hurt historically tied to azure tincture speech, not pellet sable and not torteau gules.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Lion rampant is historically related to Lion.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the lion rampant — standing on one hind leg with forepaws raised — as a principal English and Scottish beast attitude. A named lion-rampant historically related to the lion charge-beast, not eagle-displayed and not the bare animal ecology dump alone.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Eagle displayed is historically related to Eagle.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the eagle displayed — wings spread and legs apart — among imperial and English armorial bird charges. A named eagle-displayed historically related to the eagle, not double-headed-eagle and not aquila as the Roman standard object alone.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Dragon rampant is historically related to European dragon.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the heraldic dragon in rampant and related attitudes among English monster charges. A named dragon-rampant historically related to the European dragon being, not chinese-dragon and not dragon-emblem as a bare logo dump.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Griffin sejant is historically related to Griffin.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the griffin sejant among English monster attitudes. A named griffin-sejant historically related to the griffin, not lion-rampant and not griffin-mark as a bare emblem dump.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Unicorn rampant is historically related to Unicorn.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the unicorn rampant among English and Scottish armorial beasts. A named unicorn-rampant historically related to the unicorn, not lion-rampant and not unicorn-mark as a bare emblem dump.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Boar passant is historically related to Boar.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the boar passant among English beast charges. A named boar-passant historically related to the boar, not the animal ecology dump alone and not boar-spear as the weapon object.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Tudor rose is historically related to Rose.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the Tudor rose — double red and white — among English dynastic badges received into armorial speech. A named tudor-rose historically related to the rose, not red-rose or white-rose alone.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
White rose is historically related to Rose.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the white rose of York among English badge and armorial rose speech. A named white-rose historically related to the rose, not tudor-rose combined and not red-rose of Lancaster.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Red rose is historically related to Rose.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the red rose of Lancaster among English badge and armorial rose speech. A named red-rose historically related to the rose, not tudor-rose combined and not white-rose of York.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sun in splendor is historically related to Sun.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the sun in his splendour — faced sun with rays — as a heraldic charge. A named sun-in-splendor historically related to the sun, not estoile wavy star alone and not aten.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Moon in splendor is historically related to Moon.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the moon in her splendour — faced moon charge — among celestial charges. A named moon-in-splendor historically related to the moon, not crescent alone and not alchemy moon marks.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Sword (heraldry) is historically related to Sword.
Boutell’s English Heraldry treats the sword as a common upright or crossed charge in English armory. A named sword-heraldry historically related to the sword, not the weapon-object dump alone and not orion-sword asterism.
from Charles Boutell · English Heraldry, 1867
historically related to · sourced · documented
Rose window is historically related to Rose.
Parker’s Glossary seats the rose window as a circular church window, also called Catherine-wheel or marigold window, named for its rose-like radiated form. A named rose-window in that fabric speech, not a lancet pointed light and not the plant rose as botanical identity.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Green man represents Forest.
Keightley’s foliage-spirit notes seat the Green Man among leaf-masked figures of folk custom — foliage representation toward forest, not a May Queen alone.
from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)
represents · sourced · documented

place · 16

Scullery is historically related to Kitchen.
Beeton’s Book of Household Management seats the scullery as the wash-and-rough-prep side room belonging with the kitchen in Victorian domestic planning. A named scullery in that kitchen-house frame, not a washhouse laundry building alone and not the kitchen as the cooking room itself.
from Isabella Beeton · Book of Household Management, 1861
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pier is historically related to Harbor.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the pier among harbor works projecting into the water for landing and berthing within a port’s shelter. A named pier in that harbor speech, not the harbor basin itself, not a shore-parallel wharf alone, and not port as the customs town.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Atoll is historically related to Coral.
Falconer’s Dictionary and later marine speech seat the atoll as a ring of coral about a lagoon — coral work, not solid island alone and not reef as a bare ridge without the ring form. A named atoll in that coral-island speech.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Slipway is historically related to Harbor.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the slip or slipway as the inclined way for launching and hauling vessels in harbor yards. A named slipway in that harbor-craft speech, not a dry-dock as a gated pumped basin and not a careening beach alone.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Dry Dock is historically related to Harbor.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the dry dock as the gated harbor basin that can be pumped dry for hull work. A named dry-dock in that repair speech, not a graving-dock as the sloping repair form alone and not a wet dock for floating berths.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Careening Beach is historically related to Beach.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats careening as heeling a vessel on a suitable shore to clean and repair the hull — a careening beach as working strand, not a promenade beach alone and not a dry-dock basin. A named careening-beach in that repair-shore speech.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Graving Dock is historically related to Harbor.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats graving among harbor docks and slips fitted for cleaning and repairing hulls. A named graving-dock in that repair speech, not a pumped dry-dock alone and not a careening beach.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Pottery Yard is historically related to Workshop.
Piccolpasso’s shop description seats the pottery yard among the outdoor work courts of the potter’s workshop — clay pits, drying, and kiln approaches of the craft. A named pottery-yard in that speech, not temple precinct and not pottery-plaster mold shop alone.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Water-clock house is historically related to Clepsydra.
Reid’s earlier water-timing survey seats the water-clock house among buildings that house a water clock for public or court time, the clepsydra apparatus as the instrument neighbor. A named water-clock-house in that treatise speech, not the clepsydra object alone and not a gauging-station.
from Thomas Reid · Treatise on Clock and Watch Making, 1826
historically related to · sourced · documented
Ambulatory appears in Monastery.
Parker’s Glossary seats the ambulatory (or deambulatory) as a place to walk in, such as cloisters and the covered walks of monastic establishments. A named ambulatory in that fabric speech, not the nave body, not the choir stall-place, and not an apse walk alone.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
appears in · sourced · documented
Bailey is historically related to Fortress.
Parker’s Glossary seats the bailey (ballium) as the court or courts of a castle between outer walls and keep, with lodgings, gates, and defenses inside the enceinte. A named bailey in that fortification speech, not a barbican outwork and not the later motte-and-bailey compound as identity.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Barbican is historically related to Gate.
Parker’s Glossary seats the barbican as a watch-tower or advanced outwork before the gate of a castle or fortified town, often defending the drawbridge approach. A named barbican in that fortification speech, not the bailey court and not a motte-and-bailey whole.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Choir is historically related to Altar.
Parker’s Glossary seats the choir as the enclosed eastern stall-space of a church for the singers and principal service, running toward the high altar and its eastern boundary. A named choir in that ritual fabric, not the nave congregation body, not an apse recess alone, and not a transept arm.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Motte-and-bailey is historically related to Fortress.
Parker’s Glossary seats the bailey courts and keep of the mediaeval castle as the defended enceinte with outer and inner ballia — the fabric neighborhood later named motte-and-bailey. A named motte-and-bailey in that castle speech continuity, not a barbican outwork alone and not the bailey court as the whole fortress type.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Triforium appears in Monastery.
Parker’s Glossary seats the triforium as the range of small arches or panels between the pier arches and the clerestory windows, often a wall-passage over the aisle vaults. A named triforium in that fabric speech, not the clerestory light-story above it and not a cloister arcade identity.
from John Henry Parker · Glossary of Architecture, 1836 (and later enlarged editions)
appears in · sourced · documented
Windmill is historically related to Chimera.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats Windmills through Don Quixote’s charge at the Montiel mills he took for giants, and the proverb to fight with windmills — to combat chimeras — plus having windmills in your head for fancies. A named Windmill in that chimera-combat phrase speech, not an identity of mill and chimera.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented

being · 11

European dragon is historically related to Serpent.
European dragons inherit older serpent-combat stories. A wyrm is not automatically a Chinese lóng and not Quetzalcoatl.
historically related to · interpretive · culturally specific
European dragon is associated with Fire.
Later European dragons burn. A story-beast, not a Chinese rain-lóng.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Vampire is historically related to Blood.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats the Vampire (after Dom Calmet) as a dead man who returns and sucks the blood of persons asleep, who then become vampires in turn — also the extortioner phrase. A named Vampire in that blood-taking speech, not a werewolf, and not a ghoul.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Banshee is historically related to Death.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats the Banshee as the domestic spirit of certain Irish or Highland Scottish families that wails at the death of one of the family — allowed to pure Milesian stock. A named Banshee in that death-wail speech, not a kelpie, not a selkie, and not a leprechaun.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · culturally specific
Kelpie represents Horse.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats the Kelpie or Kelpy as a Scottish water-spirit in the form of a horse — sitting on rocks, dashing the deep, or browsing the verge — not unlike the Irish Phooka. A named Kelpie in that water-horse speech, not a banshee, not a selkie, and not a leprechaun.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
represents · sourced · culturally specific
Mermaid appears in Sea.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats the Mermaid among the Fairies catalog as a sea-spirit, upper part woman and lower half fish — beside Merrows as sea-spirits of the same waters. A named Mermaid in that sea-spirit speech, not a selkie, and not a kelpie.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
appears in · sourced · documented
Nisse is historically related to Workshop.
Keightley seats the nisse / tomte as the Scandinavian farm-house spirit of the hearth and household work. Nisse historically related to workshop as domestic craft-place neighbor, not a kobold mine spirit alone and not a leshy forest spirit.
from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Huldra is historically related to Forest.
Keightley seats the huldra as the Norwegian forest seductress with a hollow back — forest-spirit speech, not a nisse house spirit alone.
from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Rusalka is historically related to Water.
Keightley seats the rusalka among Slavic water maidens — water-maiden speech, not a mermaid Western dump alone.
from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Domovoi is historically related to Workshop.
Keightley seats the domovoi as the Slavic house spirit of the hearth — house-spirit speech, not a leshy forest spirit alone.
from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Leshy is historically related to Forest.
Keightley seats the leshy as the Slavic forest guardian spirit — forest-spirit speech, not a domovoi house spirit alone.
from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)
historically related to · sourced · documented

word · 8

Omen is associated with Raven.
European folk belief can treat a raven’s cry as an omen. That is a bird-omen, not Huginn and not a Mesopotamian eclipse series.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Omen is associated with Crow.
Folk speech often lets crow stand in for raven as a bird of ill luck. The blur is English; the two birds remain two animals.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Blackletter is historically related to Letter.
Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises seats English Letter / English Character / Black English Letter beside Roman and Italick as a distinct face the compositor Sets for obsolete English words and that the Press-man Beats differently from roman. A named black-letter face in that letter-order speech, not fraktur alone, and not the published roman novel-word lemma.
from Joseph Moxon · Mechanick Exercises (Printing), 1683–1684
historically related to · sourced · documented
Hocus-pocus is used in Spell.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats Hocus Pocus as the words a conjuror utters when he performs a trick — often derived from Hoc est corpus, or from Ochus Bochus the northern magician invoked by jugglers. A named Hocus Pocus in that trick-spell speech, not a bare nonsense dump alone.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented
Shibboleth appears in Bible.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats Shibboleth as the password test from Judges xii — Gileadites made Ephraimite fugitives say Shibboleth; those who said Sibboleth were known as foes — and the later party-password phrase. A named Shibboleth in that scriptural watchword speech, not a bare slogan dump alone.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
appears in · sourced · documented
Sobriquet is historically related to Name.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats Sobriquet (French) as a nickname — etymologies offered from subridiculum, sopra-quest, or sous-brechet — a name acquired over and above proper names. A named Sobriquet in that byname speech, not a cognomen, and not an agnomen.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Cant is historically related to Proverb.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats Cant as a whining manner of speech and class phraseology — professional slang in Jonson’s day, and the later religious cant associated with the Cants of the Covenant controversy. A named Cant in that stock-phrase speech beside proverbial cant, not a catchphrase, and not argot identity alone.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Motto is historically related to Seal.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats Motto throughout device and heraldic-phrase speech — short legends that travel with arms, orders, and seals as standing watchwords of a house or state. A named Motto in that device-legend speech, not a catchphrase, and not a bare slogan dump alone.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented

animal · 7

Raven is associated with Prophecy.
In various European folk beliefs a raven’s appearance or cry can be read as an omen, often of death. That is a different meeting from the Norse pairing with Odin, and should not be folded into it.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Raven is associated with Death.
The same European folk reading that treats the raven as an omen often takes the omen to be of a death. The pairing is local custom, not a zoological fact.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Crow resembles Raven.
Crow and raven are related corvids. Folk omen-speech often blurs them; zoology and Norse Huginn do not.
resembles · interpretive · culturally specific
Crow is associated with Death.
European folk speech can treat a crow as a death-bird. The omen is local custom, not Tlingit Raven the creator.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Owl is associated with Prophecy.
Some European folk beliefs treat an owl’s cry as a death-omen. That is not Athena’s bird and not a universal night-wisdom.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Owl is associated with Death.
The same folk reading often takes the omen to be of a death. Local custom, not a zoological fact and not Egyptian night-theology.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Owl is associated with Shadow.
The bird hunts in low light. Night-omen folklore uses that fact; Athena’s owl on a coin is another fact.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific

concept · 5

Luck is associated with Gold.
Folk speech treats gold as a lucky find. The metal’s price and the luck-charm are different jobs.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Luck is associated with Charm.
Luck is often courted with a small made thing. The courtship is folk technique, not a natal inclination.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific
Scapegoat appears in Bible.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats the Scapegoat in the Jewish Day of Atonement custom from Scripture — two goats at the tabernacle altar, lots cast, one for the Lord and the other for Azazel sent to the wilderness bearing confessed sins — and the later family phrase for the one made to bear the blame. A named Scapegoat in that biblical phrase speech, not a black-sheep, and not a bare blame-dump alone.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
appears in · sourced · documented
Fetishism is historically related to Charm.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats Fetiche or Fetish as the African idol (Portuguese fetisso) whose worship is Fetichism or Fetishism — almost anything may serve as a fetiche, from fly and serpent to stone and shell — power-object speech beside charm. A named Fetishism in that idol-charm speech, not totemism.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Golden Calf appears in Bible.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats the Golden Calf as Aaron’s calf made when Moses was on Sinai (Exod. xxxii) and the proverb “we all worship the golden calf” for money. A named Golden Calf in that scriptural phrase speech, not a bare gold dump alone.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
appears in · sourced · documented

celestial-body · 4

Potter’s Wheel is historically related to Wheel.
Piccolpasso’s forming chapters seat the potter’s wheel among the thrown-ware wheels of the Renaissance workshop — the central wheel of the potter’s art. A named potters-wheel in that speech, not banding-wheel as the low decorating turntable and not jigger as industrial flatware machine.
from Cipriano Piccolpasso · The Three Books of the Potter’s Art, c. 1557; English PD translations
historically related to · sourced · documented
Microscope Tube is historically related to Glass.
Brewster’s Treatise seats microscope construction among tubes that carry object and eye glasses and an adjustable eye tube. A named microscope-tube in that optical-instrument furniture speech, not a telescope tube and not the microscope genus alone.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Telescope Tube is historically related to Glass.
Brewster’s Treatise seats telescope construction among tubes that carry object and eye glasses and receive sliding eye tubes for focus. A named telescope-tube in that optical-instrument furniture speech, not a microscope tube and not the telescope genus alone.
from David Brewster · A Treatise on Optics, 1831 (and later PD editions)
historically related to · sourced · documented
Air Pump is used in Air.
Ure’s Dictionary seats the air-pump among manufacture apparatus that form and maintain a vacuum — paper wetting, evaporation, and filtration — by exhausting air under receivers. A named air-pump in that vacuum-manufacture speech, not a fire-piston, and not a chain-pump or well-pulley water lift.
from Andrew Ure · Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1839 (and later PD editions)
used in · sourced · documented

phenomenon · 3

Maelstrom appears in Sea.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats violent whirl and race hazards among named dangers of the sea that the navigator must allow for. A named maelstrom in that sea-hazard speech, not Charybdis as the Hellenic being and not a waterspout as an air column.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
appears in · sourced · documented
Hurricane is historically related to Storm.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the hurricane as the violent revolving storm of the Atlantic and West India seas — a regional storm name, not typhoon of the China seas and not cyclone as a later general meteorology word. A named hurricane in that marine weather speech.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented
Typhoon is historically related to Storm.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the typhoon among violent storms of the eastern seas reported in marine speech — a regional storm name, not Atlantic hurricane and not Typhon the Hellenic being. A named typhoon in that marine weather speech.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented

form · 1

Loxodrome is historically related to Meridian.
Falconer’s Dictionary seats the rhumb (loxodrome) as the constant-bearing path a ship steers across the meridians — rhumb-line sailing, not a great-circle orthodrome alone. A named loxodrome in that chart speech.
from William Falconer · Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1769
historically related to · sourced · documented

motif · 1

Wild Hunt appears in Forest.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable seats the Wild Huntsman as the German spectral hunter with dogs in the Black Forest, beside the French Grand Veneur of Fontainebleau and the English Herne the Hunter who walks about Herne’s Oak in Windsor Forest. A named Wild Hunt speech in that forest-chase folklore, not a bare Odin dump alone.
from Ebenezer Cobham Brewer · Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870 (and later PD editions)
appears in · sourced · documented

number · 1

Seven is associated with Luck.
European folk speech treats seven as a lucky count. That is not Ptolemy’s planetary seven, even when the number looks the same.
associated with · interpretive · culturally specific

plant · 1

Eighteenth-century Europe

Mandrake is associated with Charm.
Later European witchcraft books make the forked root a little body and a charm. That literature is not Dioscorides.
associated with · interpretive · modern interpretation

ritual · 1

Midsummer is historically related to Rite.
Keightley seats Midsummer among fairy-active festival nights of European custom — festival rite speech, not Beltane alone.
from Thomas Keightley · The Fairy Mythology, 1828 (enlarged PD eds. mid-19th c.)
historically related to · sourced · documented